Pathogens
What is pathogens?
A microorganism that causes disease.
How does the skin protect the body from pathogens?
It acts as a physical barrier to prevent entry of pathogens.
What is an antibody?
A protein produced by lymphocytes to neutralize or destroy pathogens.
What is a vaccine?
A weakened or inactive form of a pathogen that stimulates an immune response.
Name one bacterial and one viral disease.
Bacterial: Tuberculosis, Typhiod fever, Cholera, Tetanus; Viral: HIV, Influenza. common cold, covid 19, Measles, Hepatitis B, Chikenpox (any correct example).
Name two types of pathogens.
Virus, bacteria, fungus, protoctist (any 2).
What is the role of mucus in the respiratory system?
Mucus traps pathogens in the airways.
What is the function of lymphocytes?
To recognize antigens and produce antibodies.
The type of immunity passed from mother to baby through breast milk.
natural passive immunity
Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?
Viruses replicate inside host cells and lack structures antibiotics target.
How does a bacterium differ from a virus?
Bacteria are living cells; viruses are non-living and need a host to reproduce.
How do cilia help in defending the body?
Cilia move mucus with trapped pathogens out of the airways.
What is an antigen?
A molecule on a pathogen’s surface that triggers an immune response.
What is herd immunity?
Protection for unvaccinated people when most of the population is immune.
How does HIV affect the immune system?
It destroys lymphocytes, weakening the immune system.
How is malaria transmitted?
By female mosquitoes
What is the role of phagocytes in immunity?
They engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis).
How do memory cells help in long-term immunity?
They remain in the body and quickly produce antibodies if the same pathogen returns.
What’s the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active = body makes its own antibodies; Passive = ready-made antibodies are given.
This branch of medicine involves using drugs to treat cancer.
chemotherapy
This virus causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
HIV
Name the acid found in stomach that kills pathogens
HCL
Outline the steps of the immune response to a pathogen. Explain how our immune system works.
Pathogen enters → antigens detected → lymphocytes produce antibodies → pathogen destroyed → memory cells remain.
Name the virus that caused Covid 19
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2
Malaria is caused by this type of organism, it is not a virus or bacterium.
protozoan