Scientific Method
A ____________ is an educated prediction about what will happen in your experiment, written as an if/then statement, that can be tested through investigation.
Hypothesis
The _____________________ states that all matter is made up of tiny particles that have spaces between them and are always in motion.
particle model of matter
What is the difference between Internal and External forces?
An internal force is a force that acts within a structure between its own parts, in response to external forces being applied.
An external force is a force that acts on an object from the outside, applied by something or someone in contact with it.
A ___________________ is a small rocky or metallic body travelling through space that has not yet entered Earth's atmosphere.
A Meteoroid
Definition: the long-term average weather patterns in a region, measured over many years. It describes what conditions are typically like in an area over a long period of time.
Climate
List the scientific method steps in order:
Report / Hypothesis / Analyze / Observations + Data / Material + Procedure / Question
Question
Hypothesis
Material + Procedure
Observations + Data
Analyze
Report
Engineers who design bridges and sidewalks must account for changes in temperature throughout the year. They leave small gaps between sections of concrete and metal. Why do engineers leave gaps between sections of bridges and sidewalks?
A) To allow water to drain through
B) To make the bridge lighter
C) To allow for expansion in hot weather so the material does not crack or buckle
D) To reduce the cost of building materials
C) To allow for expansion in hot weather so the material does not crack or buckle
When a material permanently changes shape after a force is applied, it shows
Plasticity
List the order of the Planets starting from the Sun in the centre AND include the position of the closest Asteroid Belt.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is when greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, warming the planet. Energy from the Sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth's surface. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but greenhouse gases cause more heat to be retained than would otherwise occur, keeping Earth warm enough to support life. When too many greenhouse gases build up, too much heat is trapped and Earth warms more than normal.
Which of the following is an example of a scientific explanation being communicated in a visual form?
A) A scientist writes a research paper about climate change
B) A student presents their results to the class
C) A diagram showing how particles move when heated
D) A group of scientists discuss their findings at a conference
C) A diagram showing how particles move when heated
Circle the correct word to complete each sentence:
As particles cool down, they move (faster/slower).
As particles slow down, the attractive forces between them (increase/decrease).
As attractive forces increase, the space between particles (increases/decreases).
This is why matter (expands/contracts) when it is cooled.
1) Slower
2) Increase
3) Decreases
4) Contracts
List the FIVE types of internal forces and give one example of each:
Tension A rope being pulled from both ends
Compression A column supporting the weight of a building
Torsion Wringing out a wet towel
Shear Scissors cutting through paper
Bending A shelf bowing under heavy books
Scientists want to learn more about the surface of Mars. They send an unmanned spacecraft to orbit Mars and release a vehicle that can drive across the surface, collect rock samples, and send data back to Earth.
What type of space technology is the vehicle driving on the surface of Mars?
A) Telescope B) Probe C) Rover D) Artificial satellite
C) Rover
List 3 Natural Causes and 3 Human Causes for Climate Change.
Volcanic eruptions
Natural forest fires
Meteor impacts
Changes in Earth's orbit
Burning fossil fuels
Industrialization
Transportation pollution
Deforestation
A group of students read about a new study that disagrees with a scientific explanation their teacher taught them. The students say the explanation must be wrong and needs to be changed right away. Are the students correct?
A) Yes, any new evidence means a scientific explanation must change immediately
B) No, one conflicting study is not enough to refine a scientific explanation
C) Yes, students should always question what their teacher tells them
D) No, scientific explanations can never be changed no matter what evidence is found
B) No, one conflicting study is not enough to refine a scientific explanation
A student notices that a lake near their home freezes on the surface in winter but the water underneath stays liquid. They wonder why ice forms on top instead of sinking to the bottom.Why does ice float on top of water instead of sinking?
A) Ice is heavier than liquid water
B) Ice is less dense than liquid water, so it floats
C) The wind pushes the ice to the surface
D) Cold water sinks and pushes the ice up
B) Ice is less dense than liquid water, so it floats
What is Newton's Third Law of Motion? Give an Example.
Newton's Third Law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. When one object pushes or pulls on another, the second object pushes or pulls back with the same amount of force in the opposite direction.
Determine if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.
1) The Moon emits its own light like the Sun
2) A meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere becomes a meteor
1) FALSE
2) TRUE
List the 4 Factors that create and determine a Climate.
Elevation
Latitude
Proximity to Large Bodies of Water
Urban Vs Rural Settings
Explain the difference between an OBSERVATION and an INFERENCE:
Observation: Information gathered directly using the senses or measurement tools during an investigation. It is factual and can be verified.
Inference: An interpretation or explanation based on observations. It is a conclusion drawn from evidence, not something directly seen or measured.
Explain in your own words how a liquid thermometer works using what you know about particles:
When the thermometer is heated, the liquid inside gains energy and its particles move faster and spread apart, causing the liquid to expand and rise up the tube. When cooled, the liquid loses energy, particles slow down and move closer together, causing the liquid to contract and drop down the tube. The height of the liquid in the tube tells us the temperature.
Name 4 RENEWABLE and 4 NON-RENEWABLE Energy Sources.
Renewable: Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Biomass (wood)
Non-Renewable: Coal, Natural Gas, Crude Oil, Nuclear
Why was Pluto reclassified as a dwarf planet?
Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet because it does not meet all three requirements to be considered a full-sized planet. A full-sized planet must orbit the Sun, have enough mass to be roughly spherical in shape, and have cleared its orbital path of other debris. Pluto meets the first two requirements but has not cleared other objects out of its orbital path around the Sun, so it was reclassified as a dwarf planet.
List 5 things you can do to help address Climate change.
Use public transportation or walk/bike instead of driving
Turn off lights and electronics when not in use
Reduce meat consumption
Plant trees or support reforestation
Reduce, reuse, and recycle waste
Switch to renewable energy at home (solar panels etc.)