DNA structure
What are the four pairs of DNA bases that form in the double helix?
There are four nucleotides, or bases, in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
How many chromosomes are in meiosis?
23 chromosomes
How many replicate are present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes respectively?
The prokaryotic chromosome has one replica. The eukaryotic chromosome has over 50,000 replicates.
What is the mutation of the DNA?
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
Why do we need enzymes simple?
help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.
Which DNA double helix do you think would be harder to separate into two strands?
CG base pairs
What are the two stages of meiosis?
meiosis I and meiosis II.
What allows DNA to accurately replicate itself?
complementary base pairing
What are the 4 types of DNA mutation that can occur?
substitution, deletion, insertion, and translocation.
What 4 things can affect an enzyme?
temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators.
How many strands make up a DNA double helix?
two linked strands
Can meiosis only happen when fertilization happens?
In some animals, oocytes remain arrested at the diplotene stage until they are fertilized, only then proceeding to complete meiosis.
How does DNA replication so accurately?
Because they involve the action of an enzyme (DNA polymerase) which will only link nucleotides, if they're complementary to the DNA template.
What are the 5 possible chromosomal mutations?
deletions, duplications, insertions, inversions, and translocations.
why does increasing substrate concentration increase enzyme activity?
Higher concentrations cause more collisions between the molecules.
When do cells duplicate their DNA?
S phase.
What would happen if mitosis and meiosis did not occur?
Gametes would not form and sexual reproduction (fertilization) would not be possible.
How do cells make exact copies?
During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells.
What are the 4 ways DNA can be mutated?
silent mutations, neutral mutations, conservative missense mutations, and back mutations.
What makes enzymes so important?
they increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed or permanently altered by the reaction.
What is "transcription" of DNA?
the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence
How do sperm and egg combine DNA?
The 23 single chromosomes of the sperm are matched with the 23 single chromosomes of the egg.
What information is coded into DNA?
The instructions for all the proteins the organism will ever synthesize.
How to identify mutations in DNA?
Mutational effects can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral, depending on their context or location
Why do enzymatic reactions stop working at high temperatures?
The enzyme will have been denatured.