Inter-System Communication & The Endocrine System
Clue: These mediator molecules are released in one part of the body but regulate the activity of cells in other parts of the body.
What are hormones?
This term describes any self-regulating biological process aiming to produce a relatively stable, constant internal environment for optimal functioning of the body.
What is homeostasis?
Composed of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, this major grouping of nutrients provides crucial sources of energy to maintain bodily functions during growth, rest, and physical activity.
What are macronutrients?
This specific chemical neurotransmitter is released across synaptic clefts to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction.
What is acetylcholine?
This term describes a state resulting from training too frequently or at an excessively high intensity over a prolonged period of time without adequate rest.
What is overtraining?
Secreted by the body's endocrine glands, these two specific hormones cause immediate modifications to blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar levels during acute stress or exercise.
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?
These are the two primary pancreatic hormones responsible for regulating blood glucose concentrations during rest and exercise periods.
What are insulin and glucagon?
This state occurs when an individual's caloric intake is insufficient to support the vital physiological functions needed for optimal health after subtracting exercise energy expenditure.
What is low energy availability (LEA)?
This neuromuscular pathway description explains how muscles function in pairs, whereby the active contraction of an agonist muscle automatically forces its paired antagonist muscle to relax.
What is reciprocal inhibition?
Quantifiable measures of internal physiological or psychological stress—such as oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE)—fall under this specific classification of effort intensity indicators.
What are internal indicators?
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the somatic nervous system and this specific division, which manages involuntary autonomic processes like cardiac function.
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Homeostasis generally occurs via these specific biological control loops that act to reverse a detected change back to its controlled baseline condition.
What are negative feedback mechanisms?
This phenomenon features a progressive increase in heart rate alongside a concurrent decrease in stroke volume during a prolonged steady state of submaximal exercise in thermoneutral or hot environments.
What is cardiovascular drift?
This specific type of isotonic muscular contraction involves a muscle lengthening under external tension and serves as the primary mechanical cause of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS).
What is an isotonic eccentric contraction?
Lasting approximately 3 to 5 weeks, the primary objective of this specific periodization phase is to allow the athlete to physically and mentally recover from the competitive season using active rest.
What is the transition phase?
These three specialized types of sensory cells respond to localized stimuli to initiate regulatory reflex loops or responses by the nervous system.
What are proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors?
This specific respiratory volume boundary represents the maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation, and it requires calculating the combined sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
What is vital capacity (VC)?
Electrolyte and fluid balances are heavily regulated by a pathway where the hypothalamus and pituitary gland modulate water retention within this specific organ.
What is the kidney?
keletal motor units are differentiated by neuron diameter, contraction velocity, and metabolic profile into these three explicit muscle fibre types.
What are Types I, IIa, and IIx?
This specific training state is characterized by a temporary, short-term decline in athletic performance where full physiological recovery safely occurs within a timeline of a few days to several weeks.
What is functional overreaching?
This specific female reproductive hormone exercises a documented thermogenic effect on thermoregulation and sleep quality, while concurrently impacting fuel availability.
What is progesterone?
This gas exchange variable, which measures the ratio between the volume of carbon dioxide produced ($VCO_2$) and the volume of oxygen consumed ($VO_2$), must be evaluated at the cellular level to precisely determine whether an athlete's body is metabolizing carbohydrates, lipids, or a mixture of both during steady-state exercise.
What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)?
This comprehensive performance and physiological syndrome is a direct consequence of prolonged low energy availability (LEA), impairing metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, and protein synthesis.
What is Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)?
During the structural unmasking stage of contraction, the binding of calcium ions to troponin causes a crucial conformational shape change that directly shifts this specific thread-like regulatory protein out of the actin groove, exposing the active binding sites for myosin heads.
What is tropomyosin?
To ensure safe physiological adaptation during a progressive overload phase, an educator or coach must avoid a critical programming error by restricting weekly increases in training intensity or volume to this specific threshold or less.
What is ten percent (10%)?