Microbial Basics
This cell type has no true nucleus and contains a circular chromosome.
What is a prokaryote?
This process occurs when water moves through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration.
What is osmosis?
This process makes microbes more easily recognized by phagocytes by putting "handles" on them for better grip.
What is opsonization?
What is the hallmark symptom of necrotizing fasciitis?
What is severe pain, discoloration, and rapid progression of tissue destruction?
This characteristic differentiates viral meningitis from bacterial meningitis during a spinal tap.
What is turbidity CSF due to bacterial presence?
These organisms thrive in extremely salty environments and are more similar to eukarya than bacteria.
What are archaea (or, specifically, halophiles)?
This bacterial structure is responsible for DNA transfer during conjugation and brings cells together.
What is the F pilus?
While penicillin is still used today, it has become less effective because bacteria have
developed this enzyme that can break down its beta-lactam ring.
What is penicillinase?
What toxin is responsible for "rice water stools" in cholera patients?
What is cholera toxin?
This protozoan disease is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and causes cyclic fevers due to synchronous red blood cell rupture?
What is malaria?
This scientist disproved spontaneous generation using his famous swan-necked flask experiment.
Who is Louis Pasteur?
During genetic transformation, bacterial cells that can take up DNA from their environment are called this.
What are competent cells?
Unlike endemic diseases which are consistently present in an area, this type of disease occurrence involves spread throughout the entire world, like COVID-19.
What is pandemic occurrence?
What is the difference in symptom progression between chickenpox and smallpox rashes?
What is that chickenpox lesions appear in different stages simultaneously, while smallpox lesions are uniform in stage?
This bacterial species is the primary cause of pyelonephritis and other UTIs?
What is E. coli?
These endosymbiotic organelles in eukaryotic cells have their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes similar to bacteria.
What are mitochondria?
In this type of transduction, only specific genes near the prophage integration site are
transferred between bacteria.
What is specialized transduction?
This test involves placing antibiotic disks on a bacterial lawn and measuring zones where bacteria cannot grow to determine antibiotic effectiveness.
What is the Kirby-Bauer test?
This pseudomembrane-forming bacterium can cause suffocation in respiratory infections.
What is Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
This neurotoxin prevents muscle relaxation and leads to rigid paralysis in tetanus?
What is tetanospasmin or tetanus toxin?
Named after their rod and sphere shapes respectively, these are the two main bacterial cell shapes.
What are bacillus and coccus?
This electron carrier is the most common in cells and becomes NADH when it accepts electrons and hydrogen.
What is NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)?
This cellular defense process relies on PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) being recognized by PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors).
What is phagocytosis?
This virulence factor allows Helicobacter pylori to survive in the stomach?
What is urease?
This virus causes small blisters on the genitals, becomes latent in nerve cells, and can reactivate.
What is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), primarily Type 2?