Pancreatic Physiology
Which hormone secreted by the pancreas increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown?
What is glucagon?
What is the primary defect in Type 1 Diabetes mellitus?
What is autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency?
Which dietary change is most effective in managing blood glucose levels in Type 2 Diabetes?
What is increasing dietary fiber and reducing simple carbohydrates?
Name a long-term microvascular complication associated with diabetes.
: What is diabetic retinopathy?
List three classic symptoms of hyperglycemia.
What are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?
Describe the primary function of beta cells in the pancreas.
What is the production and secretion of insulin?
In Type 2 Diabetes, what physiological changes lead to insulin resistance?
What is increased fatty acid levels, inflammation, and abnormal signaling in muscle and liver cells?
How does regular physical activity improve glucose metabolism?
What is by enhancing insulin sensitivity and promoting glucose uptake in muscle cells?
What is the most common macrovascular complication associated with diabetes, and what are two key risk factors for its development?
What is cardiovascular disease, and the risk factors of hypertension
What is a common symptom of hypoglycemia that may present suddenly?
What is sweating or shaking?
Explain the role of incretin hormones in glucose homeostasis.
What are hormones secreted in the intestine that enhance insulin secretion in response to food intake?
Describe the mechanisms that lead to hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes.
What is a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion by the pancreas?
Discuss the significance of monitoring HbA1c levels in diabetes management.
What is it reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and helps assess long-term glycemic control?
Explain the mechanism of diabetic neuropathy and its potential impact on patient safety.
What is nerve damage due to prolonged hyperglycemia that can lead to loss of sensation, increasing the risk of injuries?
Describe the differences in clinical manifestations between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.
What is Type 1 typically presents with rapid onset and classic symptoms, while Type 2 may have gradual onset with less overt symptoms and often associated with obesity?
in patients with long-term diabetes, which neurological symptoms may indicate diabetic neuropathy?
What are numbness, tingling, or pain in the extremities?