Cells meristems and tissues
What are the three different cell types that make up all tissues
Collects, sclerenchyma, parenchyma
What are the key functions of roots
Starch Storage, stability, nutrient intake
What is phyllotaxy
The arrangement of leaves
Differences between monocot and dicot leaves
Bulliform cells
Types of mesophyll cells
Venation
In what ways can stems be modified for climbing, storage, defense, photosynthesis
Phylloclades, thorns, tendrils
What are the three primary meristems
Protoderm - Epidermis
Procambium - Vascular Tissue
Ground Meristem - Ground Tissue
What are the primary characteristics of roots (there’s 4)
Root cap, lateral branches, root hairs, mucilaginous sheath
How can you tell a simple leaf from a compound leaf
Venation
What are mesophyll cells, what types in monocot and dicot
Monocot - spongy
Dicot - palisade and spongy
Parenchyma that fill the middle of the leaf
Organ modification you would expect somewhere wet without stable ground
Prop roots
Pneumatophores
What are the benefits of having dead cells at maturity
Able to retain shape even past being dead and they can always do their purpose as pipes without interruption
What are the three different regions in a root
Maturation, elongation, cell division
Where would you find the stomata and why
Abaxial and it’s to protect from water loss
What is RuBisCo? What molecules does it bind? Does it do it preferentially
Most abundant enzyme on Earth, oxygen and carbon dioxide, no and that’s the problem
Difference between prickles, spines and thorns
Prickles - trichome modifications, random
Thorns - stem modifications, in axillary bud
Spines - leaf modification, below axillary bud
What kind of cells make up Xylem and what kind make up phloem
Treachery elements - vessels and tracheids
Sieve tube elements and companion cells
What is the casparisn strip? Where can you find it and why is it important
Endodermis, waterproof strip impregnated w suberin, managed water intake
What are bulliform cells? What are their purpose and what are they made of
Cells that crinkle the leaf In case of losing water. Made of parenchyma. Only in monocot
Why do leaves change color in the fall how do carotenoids play into this
Plants drop the expensive chlorophylls which reflect green light and the less dominant carotenoids that reflect red to orange to yellow
Purposes of a phylloclade (there’s 2)
Storage, photosynthesis
How can you differentiate different cell and tissue types?
Parenchyma is small and uniform and numerous. Alive at maturity
Collenchyma has unevenly thick walls and is celery is found at the borders. Alive at maturity
Sclerenchyma is usually long and elongated. Dead at maturityHow do lateral roots develop
The develop from the pericycle and break through surrounding tissue.
What differentiation of root and shoot tissue can be used to identify if it’s a monocot or dicot.
-fibrous vs taproot
-vascular bundles/tissue differences
-secondary growth
What is abscisic acid and what’s its role in absicion
Absisic acid triggers production of enzymes which break down the separation layer to abscise leaves (drop them)
What is a corm, haustorial root, aerial root, phyllode
Modified shoot for storage - garlic
Parasitic root modification - mistletoe
Root modification for gas exchange - orchids
Phyllode - modified petiole , pithcer plant photosynthesis