Chapter 7
This describes the flow of information from DNA -> RNA -> protein
What is the central dogma of biology?
A segment of DNA with instructions for RNA or protein.
What is a gene?
The physical manifestation of gene expression. I.e. the observable traits of an organism.
What is phenotype?
Offspring are produced by a single parent in this mode of reproduction.
What is asexual reproduction?
Genetic changes in a population of organisms over time.
What is evolution?
An image showing all chromosomes from an organism.
What is a Karyotype?
The majority of a cell’s life cycle will be spent here.
What is interphase?
These have the same gene order but may have slightly different variants of the genes known as alleles.
What are homologous chromosomes?
This mode of specialized cell division results in gamete formation.
What is meiosis?
The Hardy-Weinberg Equation.
What is p2+2pq+q2=1?
An mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome (free or bound) where the mRNA sequence is converted into specific amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain/protein.
What is translation?
Smaller DNA circles that contain one or a few genes
What are plasmids?
The idea that genes on different chromosomes separate randomly during gamete formation.
What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
Recombination (crossing over) occurs during this stage of meiosis.
What is prophase I?
This model defines 5 conditions that result in no evolution occuring in a population.
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
These are recruited to the promoter region and guide an RNA polymerase enzyme to attach at the correct location of the gene’s template strand.
What are transcription factor proteins?
These cytoskeletal elements are the largest cytoskeletal fibers and are made of tubulin protein dimers.
What are microtubules?
The idea that both alleles for each gene will be separated during gamete formation (meiosis) so that each gamete receives only 1 copy of each gene.
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
This process is the reason why it is very unlikely for a gamete to have either all paternal or all maternal chromosomes.
What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
The 3 outcomes of natural selection at the population level.
What are stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection?
A single modified nucleotide that serves as a recognition signal for the ribosome in Eukaryotes.
What is an mRNA cap?
Internal mechanisms that ensure a cell is ready to progress to the next phase of the cell cycle.
What are cell cycle checkpoints?
This phenomenon would cause the phenotypic ratios of a dihybrid cross to deviate from the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio.
What is genetic linkage?
This type of twins are the result of a zygote that gives rise to two embryos.
What are monozygotic (identical) twins?
This natural history collector and explorer was a contemporary of Charles Darwin and independently came up with an almost identical theory of evolution.
Who is Alfred Russell Wallace?