Definitions pt. 1
Entrepreneurs
People who risk their capital to organize and run businesses
Why was the U.S. successful in Industrialization?
1) Natural resources
2) Large workforce
3) New inventions/technologies
4) Free enterprise system
In immigration, what are push and pull factors? Give me two examples of each.
Push Factors - conditions that force people to leave a place
Pull Factors - conditions that attract people to a new place
Urbanization
The population shift from rural (“country,” or farming communities) to urban areas
Diversity
Variety within a group
A financial share of ownership of a company
After the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad, problems occurred immediately. What were these problems? How did the U.S. solve these problems?
Trains running into each other due to all towns setting their clocks to the sun's position (midday). Solved through the creation of time zones.
Once immigrants came to the U.S. in the 1800s, where did they move and who with? What is this called? What are some examples of these areas?
They moved in with people like them into neighborhoods (ethnic enclave). Examples include "Chinatown" and "Little Italy"
What is the difference between the upper, middle, and lower classes?
Socioeconomic Status
Gilded
Covered with gold on outside with cheap material on the inside
Philanthropy
The act of giving back to help others and create positive change
What are fixed costs and operating costs? Give me examples of each.
Fixed Costs: business expenses that remain the same regardless of how much a company produces or sells (taxes, mortgages, loans)
Operating Costs: ongoing business expenses from the normal day-to-day of running a business (wages, shipping, buying materials)
In 1882, Congress began practicing nativism. What is nativism? Give me two examples of how they practiced nativism.
Nativism is the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
What was the "individualistic" idea people had in society during this time period?
Belief that anyone could rise in society and go as far as their talents and commitment would take them
Horizontal Integration
Buying out the competitors to gain control of the industry
Nativism
The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants
Why was life difficult during the Industrialization for workers? (4)
Dull, repetitive tasks due to the assembly line
Dangerous jobs (no safety requirements)
Unhealthy (inhaled dust, toxic fumes, etc.)
Low pay
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? What was included in it? (3)
No Chinese immigration for 10 years
Chinese immigrants already here cannot be citizens
Not repealed until 1943
What were some of the major problems occurring within urban areas, such as cities? (at least 4)
Crime, Violence, Fires, Diseases, Pollution
Vertical Integration
One company owns all parts of the industrial process (i.e. mines, transportation, steel mill, company)
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court case that allowed the "separate but equal" precedent to become legalized.
What was the goal of trade unions? (3) How did companies stop unions from forming? (3)
Goal: get companies to give employees what they want
Shorter workday
“Fair” wages
Safer work environment
Companies tried to stop unions from forming
Sign oaths/contracts
Put union organizers on blacklists (never get a job)
Used lockouts (during strikes, hire replacement employees)
We read and annotated the essays of both Teddy Roosevelt’s Americanism and Randolph Bourne’s Cultural Pluralism. What are each arguing? How do each differ in the ways they think immigrants should act?
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What was Social Darwinism? How did this idea differ from the “Gospel of Wealth?”
Social Darwinism is the idea that smart, capable people succeed. The gov't should stay out of society (don't help the poor). The "Gospel of Wealth" is the idea that Americans, especially the rich, should practice philanthropy. The gov't should be involved in society (help the poor).
Trade Union
An organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment