physical
What is “coincidence-anticipation timing”?
The ability to time a movement in response to a moving object
What is asynchronous development?
Uneven development between physical and cognitive abilities.
What is emotional function?
The ability to recognize and discuss one’s feelings.
What is “social knowledge”?
The ability to interpret peer relationships and respond appropriately
What ADL skills do children achieve independence in by middle childhood?
Basic self-care such as dressing, bathing, and feeding
What happens to a child’s growth rate during middle childhood?
It slows down while strength and endurance increase
What are metamemory strategies?
Techniques like rehearsal, organization, and mnemonics to aid memory
What are the three types of stress children experience?
Positive, tolerable, and toxic stress.
What new understanding of language do children develop?
They can grasp double meanings, jokes, and riddles.
Why is school considered a major influence on ADL skill development?
It promotes routines, self-management, and responsibility for tasks like organization and self-care
What is established during middle childhood that improves dexterity?
Hand dominance
Give an example of a metamemory strategy a child might use while studying.
Using acronyms or grouping information to improve recall
What is “learned helplessness”?
A behavior pattern where children stop trying after repeated failure or unsolvable problems.
Why is it important for children to tailor their communication to their audience?
It shows social awareness and improves relationships with teachers, peers, and adults
How does inclusion impact ADL and social development?
Encourages children of all abilities to develop social and functional skills togethe
A child with poor hand dominance may struggle with which types of classroom tasks?
Writing, cutting, or manipulating small objects consistently
A child understands the passage of time and can plan how fast to run to catch a ball. Which cognitive function is this?
Temporal awareness
A child faces the death of a pet but has support from a parent. Which type of stress is this, and why?
Tolerable stress, because the event is difficult but short-term and buffered by supportive relationships
Explain how communication skills and cognitive development are linked.
Cognitive growth enables better vocabulary, reasoning, and the ability to understand abstract language
A 10-year-old is responsible for feeding the family pet each morning and remembering to take out the trash on certain days. Which developmental skills are being strengthened through these IADLs?
They are developing responsibility, time management, routine-building, and self-organization skills — all important foundations for independence
How might delayed postural control affect a child’s ability to perform classroom or play activities?
It may limit sitting endurance, balance, and coordination, impacting handwriting and participation in physical play.
How does asynchronous development put children at risk for learned helplessness?
When children constantly struggle in one area despite trying hard, they may start to believe they can’t succeed at all, stop trying, and lose confidence in their abilities.
How can learned helplessness impact school performance and emotional well-being?
It leads to withdrawal, decreased motivation, and avoidance of challenges, which negatively affect learning and confidence.
A child struggles to understand jokes or sarcasm. Which developmental skill may be delayed, and why?
Pragmatic language development, because it requires interpreting tone, context, and double meanings.
Describe how poverty might influence a child’s ability to perform daily living activities.
Limited access to nutrition, healthcare, and safe environments can delay development of independence and physical health