Acid/Base
What is the difference between acidemia and acidosis
- emia - is a state of being
What protein does a urine dipstick measure?
This is the section of nephron most susceptible to hypovolemic injury
What is the loop of Henle? (why ATN is most common AKI etiology)
We use these 2 lab values to determine eGFR
What are creatinine and cystatin C
Name 3 medications that treat Hyperkalemia
Caclium
Bicarbonate, B agonist
Insulin/Glucose
Kayexalate
Diuretics
This is the classical acronym for increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
MUDPILES
What is the most sensitive test for detecting urinary infection on UA and micro?
Urinary WBC
Most of the filtered solutes are reabsorbed in this nephron segment
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
This is the typical GFR of a newborn
~25%
What electrolyte needs to be repleted prior to improving hypokalemia
Magnesium
This enzyme is needed to convert CO2 and H2O to HCO3 and H
What is Carbonic Anhydrase
What does the specific gravity mean on a dipstick?
Measurement of the concentration of all chemical particles in your urine
Name 2 reasons why you might see hydronephrosis on imaging
Vesicoureteral reflux, obstruction, congenital
Kids reach their adult eGFR by this age
What is 2 years old?
What is the classical finding of hyperkalemia on EKG
Peaked T waves
This type of RTA has the most bicarbonate wasting
What is Type II RTA
Name 2 reasons for blood on dipstick, but no RBCs on microscopy
Rhabdomyolysis, foods, hemoglobinuria
C3 and C4 are ? in IgA Nephropathy, Post infectious GN, and Lupus nephritis
IgA - normal
PIGN - low C3
Lupus - low C3 and C4
How do ACEi/ARBs improve proteinuria and kidney function over time in Diabetes
Typically, angiotensin II constricts the efferent arteriole which increases intraglomerular pressure. Stopping this process, decreases filtration (and therefore fibrosis)
When sodium reaches this blood level, max ADH secretion occurs
What is 150 meq/L
Why does lab report bicarbonate levels as CO2?
labs add acid which react to bicarb which forms CO2. Machine measures CO2
Name 3 reasons why SG is elevated on a dipstick?
Dehydration, diuretics, SIADH, proteinuria, contrast
This is the difference between Cystic dysplasia and Multicystic Kidney Dysplasia (MCKD)
Cystic dysplasia - has renal tissue
MCDK - no renal tissue, replaced entirely by cysts
These four pressures determine the glomerular filtration
Blood hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, bowman space hydrostatic pressure, bowman space colloid osmotic pressure
ADH lasts about this length of time in the blood
What is 15-20 minutes