Urethritis
What is urethritis?
The inflammation of the urethra.
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
What is pyelonephritis?
Inflammation of the renal pelvis
What are renal calculi?
Precipitations of calcium salts, uric acid, magnesium ammonium phosphate, or cystine.
Describe the onset stage.
1-3 days; Increasing BUN and serum creatinine; Normal to decreased urine ouput
What is a cause of urethritis?
Microorganisms
Trauma
Hypersensitivity to chemicals
What is a common cause of cystitis?
Bacterial contamination
What is it most often caused by?
An ascending bacterial infection
What are two signs and symptoms?
Dull flank pain; pain in the abdomen that radiates to the groin; nausea; vomiting; hematuria
Describe the oliguric stage.
Urine output decreases to 400ml or less; BUN, creatinine, and potassium increase; serum calcium and bicarbonate decrease; follows onset stage and continues for up to 14 days
What are the signs and symptoms of urethritis?
Dysuria, frequency, urgency, and bladder spasms.
What are three signs and symptoms?
Urgency, frequency, dysuria, hematuria, nocturia, bladder spasms, incontinence, and low-grade fever
Urine may be dark, tea-colored, or cloudy
Fever, fatigue, pelvic or abdominal discomfort
What are two signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?
High fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, dysuria, pain in the flank area
What is the most common way to diagnose renal calculi?
Ultrasound
Describe the diuretic stage.
Urine output exceeds 400ml daily. Kidneys excrete BUN, creatinine, potassium, and phosphorus. They retain calcium and bicarbonate.
How do you diagnose urethritis?
Signs and symptoms
Urinalysis
Urethral smear
How do you diagnose cystitis?
Urinalysis and culture
WBCs
How do you diagnose it?
Urinalysis, urine culture
Sometimes further imaging i.e. CT scan
Name two types of treatment.
Calculi can pass spontaneously; Ambulation and hydration; Opioids for pain; Lithotripsy; Surgical procedures such as Nephrolithotomy, Pyelolithotomy; Ureterolithotomy
Describe the recovery stage.
Electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine return to normal. This stage lasts 1 to 12 months.
How do you treat urethritis?
Antimicrobials
How do you treat cystitis?
Antibiotics
How do you treat it?
Antibiotics
Urinary tract antiseptics, analgesics, and antispasmodics
How can you prevent renal calculi?
High fluid intake; dietary restrictions; regular exercise; medications to alter urine pH
List three aspects of medical treatment.
Fluids; dietary restrictions; restoration of electrolyte imbalance; dialysis; nephrotoxic drugs avoided; renal replacement therapy