Balance
This body system is responsible for maintaining balance
What is the vestibular system?
The conversion of one form of energy to another
What is transduction?
The sensory system that detects taste
What is the gustatory system?
This organ is responsible for processing our sense of smell
What is the olfactory bulb?
This category of drugs alters perceptions and mood
What are psychoactive drugs?
These fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear detect head movements using hair cells that are stimulated by the movement of gel within the tubes
What are semicircular canals?
This structure in the inner ear contains the primary receptor cells (hair cells) for hearing
What is the cochlea?
The five basic tastes
What are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory (umami)?
This is the nerve that relays sensory information from olfactory receptors to the olfactory bulb in the brain. When damaged, such as by neuropathy caused by type 1 diabetes, it can result in anosmia.
What is the olfactory nerve?
Hallucinogens including psilocybin and LSD are highly active in this cortex
What is the occipital cortex?
This theory explains that motion sickness is experienced when there are discrepancies between sensory input information, especially visual and vestibular information
What is the sensory conflict theory?
This is the collective name for the small group of bones in the middle ear that transmit sound waves from the ear drum to the oval window
What are ossicles?
These tiny bumps on the surface of the tongue are often confused for taste buds
What are papillae?
This vestigial organ should be responsible for sensing pheromones, although that role is now taken over by the sense of smell in humans
What is the Vomeronasal Organ?
Upregulation of this neurotransmitter in the visual cortex by LSD is thought to be responsible for hallucinations
What is serotonin?
This condition is caused when otoliths are dislodged from their proper place and float more freely around the inner ear
What is vertigo?
These devices provide direct electrical stimulation to auditory nerve fibers for those with sensorineural deafness
What are cochlear implants?
The sensations of these two tastes are caused by the stimulation of taste cells by ions (such as Na+ and protons) which enter the cells via ion channels
What are salty and sour?
Hippocampus neurons and these neurons are the only two neurons in the brain that are regularly reproduced.
What are olfactory neurons?
What are opioid receptors?
These are the two structures within the inner ear that have hair cells with cilia, a gel mass, and otoliths (small calcium carbonate crystals)
What are the saccule and utricle?
One way humans are able to differentiate frequencies of sounds that is reliant on the fact that certain regions of the basilar membrane are more sensitive to certain frequencies
What is place coding?
The approximate lifespan of taste cells
What is 10-14 days?
With combinations of this many olfactory receptors we have, we can sense and remember around 10,000 scents, and differentiate up to 1 trillion scents.
What is 350?
This class of neurotransmitter is associated with alertness, motivation, and reward. It includes the NT most commonly affected by recreational drugs.
What is Catecholamine?