Acts
created an elected Philippine Senate and pledged eventual independence once stable governance was achieved— the first formal U.S. commitment to Philippine self-determination
Jones Act (Philippines)
where many students in Washington D.C. worked to engage in political networks while advocating for reform at home
Philippine National Committee
Filipina educator, suffragist, and advocate for reform, worked to build understanding between Americans and Filipinos by speaking publicly about her country’s aspirations for reform and eventual self-governance
Sofia Reyes de Vera
a set of formal and informal diplomatic meetings in 1919 and 1920 after WWI, where the Allies set the terms of peace for the defeated Central Powers
Paris Peace Conference
sharply limited immigration from China, and other Asian nations, fueling anti-Asian sentiment and fears of job competition
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
organized by Sofia Reyes de Veyra, promoted women’s education, healthcare, and civic participation
Filipino Women’s Club of America
an established Chinese diplomat, becoming one of the most prominent international representatives, bridging cultures while pressing for China’s sovereignty and modernization
Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo
a central Chinese ethnic enclave located along Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C.
Chinatown
added literacy tests and banned most Asian immigration
Immigration Act of 1917
an international organization created after WWI to prevent future wars by providing a forum for international cooperation and dispute resolution
League of Nations
where Filipinos were classified as after the U.S. annexation of the Philippines; this unique status allowed them to enter, live, and work in the U.S. without the immigration restrictions that barred most other Asians during the Wilson era
U.S. Nationals
caused by the betrayal of China at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference after Wilson defied his principle of self-determination— leading to a student movement that rejected traditional values in favor of democracy and science
May Fourth Movement