Anthropometry and Homonids and Migration
How are fossils formed?
The calcium (in bones) is replaced with minerals that harden over time
What is an example of Natural Selection we have studied?
Rock Pocket Mouse, Beetles in gizmos
Both coloration examples
What are the three types of symbiosis?
Parasitic
One benefits, other is harmed
Mutualistic
Both benefit
Commensal
One benefits, other is unaffected
How many chromosomes does a daughter cell get from a parent cell if the daughter sell has 46
23 from each-- one half
What is the input for light-dependent reactions?
H2O and Light
What are push and pull factors of human migration?
Climate changes and Food scarcity (push)
Communication and new transportation, eg. tools, language (pull)
Structural adaptations - involve body of organism
wings of birds & insects for flight; fins of fish; webbed feet of ducts for swimming
warning coloration, cryptic coloration, mimicry
Physiological adaptation
related to biochemistry & interactions w/in body
protein web made by spiders; venom made snakes
Behavioral adaptations
mating behavior, parental behavior
vocal mimicry
What are the three different types of speciation graphs?
Directional
- Shift left OR right
- One extreme is favored
Stabilizing
- Taller, thinner middle
- Average is favored
Disruptive
- M-shaped
- Two extremes favored
What causes variation?
Crossing over (in prophase I)
What is the input for light-independent reactions?
Carbon Dioxide, NADPH and ATP
What is an example found from fossils that made us realize they evolved
Use of tools- opposable thumbs
Foramen Magnum position- upright walking
Gradualism versus Punctuated Equilibrium?
Gradualism: streamline, linear
Punctuated Equilibrium: staircase, affected by events that caused changes
Examples of Density Independent versus Density Dependent
Density Independent
Drought
Wildfire
Volcanic eruptions
Hurricane
Competition
Predation
Food
Disease
Parasitism
What occurs in prophase I
Homologous chromosomes pair
Crossing over
Increases genetic variation
What is the output for light-dependent reactions?
Oxygen, NADP, ADP
When did the first humans migrate out of Africa?
925,000-160,000 years ago
What is the difference between Homologous and Analogous?
Analogous
Similar in function, not necessarily in structure
Homologous:
Shows similar structures that evolved from a common ancestor
Amount of space/energy an organism takes up in their trophic level in their environment
follows the 10% rule passing to the next trophic level
Way more at the bottom than the top
Example: salmon need to eat a bunch of small fish so there would need to be way more small fish than big fish to support the high population (salmon)
Meiosis versus Mitosis?
Mitosis: Growth/repair - 2 diploid cells - No crossing over
Meiosis: Produces Gametes - 4 haploid cells - crossing over
What is the output for light-independent reactions?
Glucose
Name three out of the 10 human variation facts
1. Human groups distinguish themselves principally culturally.
2. human biological variation is continuous, not discrete.
3. Clustering populations is arbitrary.
4. populations are biologically real, not races.
5. populations also have a constructed component.
6. there is much more variation within groups than between groups.
7. people are similar to those nearby and different from those far away.
8. racial classification is historical and political and does not reflect natural biological patterns.
9. humans have little genetic variation.
10. racial issues are social-political-economic, not biological.
Criteria to be considered and evolutionary adaptation?
Heritable (can be passed down)
Fits a niche (Functional for a specific environmental factor)
Fitness (Contributes to advantage the species)
types of survivorship curves?
Type I
High survival → sudden drop
Humans, large mammals
Type II
Constant decrease
Birds, small mammals
Type III
Low early survival
Fish, invertebrates, plants
How many diploids do you start with and how many haploids do you end with
you have 4 haploids at the end and 1 diploid at the beginning
1 diploid is = 4 haploids so its just being cut up in meiosis
What is the equation of photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂