cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis
This term refers to the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell before it is condensed into chromosomes, which allows for transcription.
chromatin
This term refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, including both the alleles inherited from each parent.
genotype
This sugar is a key component of the DNA backbone and is different from the sugar found in RNA.
deoxyribose
This enzyme acts as "molecular scissors" to cut DNA at specific sequences, often leaving "sticky ends" for gene insertion.
restriction enzymes
what is mRNA
The RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
This phase of mitosis is characterized by the chromosomes lining up at the center of the cell, preparing to be separated.
metaphase
This term describes the version of a gene that is not expressed in the presence of its dominant counterpart.
recessive allele
what are the purines
adenine guanine (PURE AS GOLD)
This process uses bacteria to produce human insulin, a technique that relies on the insertion of a gene into a plasmid.
gene cloning
what is tRNA
RNA that helps decode mRNA into an amino acid sequence during translation.
Before a cell undergoes mitosis, it must duplicate its DNA during this phase of the cell cycle.
S phase
This term refers to the type of cross that tracks a single trait across generations.
monohybrid cross
This enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA during replication by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
helicase
This technique uses modified viruses to deliver corrected or therapeutic genes into the cells of an individual.
gene therapy
what are kinetochores
Protein structures on chromatids where spindle fibers attach during cell division.
This process occurs during Meiosis I when homologous chromosomes exchange segments, creating genetic variation in the offspring.
crossing over
This Mendelian law explains how alleles of a gene are randomly distributed into gametes during meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity.
law of segregation
This enzyme is responsible for adding new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during DNA replication.
DNA polymerase III
This gene-editing tool, derived from bacteria, allows scientists to target specific DNA sequences for modification, including the ability to delete or replace genes.
CRISPR CAS 9
what is ligase
An enzyme that helps "seal" breaks in the DNA backbone during replication or repair.
This phase of mitosis involves the breaking down of the nuclear membrane and the beginning of chromosome movement, with microtubules attaching to the kinetochore.
prometaphase
In the ABO blood group system, a person with blood type AB has both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells. This is an example of this type of allele interaction.
co dominance
These short segments of DNA are synthesized on the lagging strand and are later connected by DNA ligase.
Okazaki fragments
The technique used to sequence only the transcribed genes (mRNA) of an organism to study gene expression patterns
RNA sequencing
An enzyme that synthesizes a short RNA primer to initiate DNA replication.