Gas Movement & Exchange
Gases move by this process through the conducting zones.
What is bulk flow?
This cell type makes up 95% of the alveolar wall.
What is the Type I cell (squamous pneumocyte)?
These arteries carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs.
What are the pulmonary arteries?
This system is part of the systemic circulation.
What is the bronchial blood supply?
This division increases HR and relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.
What is the sympathetic division?
Gases move by diffusion in this zone.
What is the respiratory zone?
This cell secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension.
What is the Type II cell (granular cell)?
These vessels regulate blood flow and resistance.
What are arterioles?
This mixture enters the left heart from bronchial and pulmonary veins.
What is venous admixture?
These two neurotransmitters drive sympathetic responses.
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?
This membrane is the site of oxygen pickup and CO₂ drop-off.
What is the alveolar-capillary (A/C) membrane?
These cells arise from monocytes and ingest debris.
What are alveolar macrophages?
These thin-walled vessels surround alveoli for gas exchange.
What are capillaries?
This system clears fluid and protein from lung interstitial spaces.
What is the lymphatic system?
This division tightens bronchial smooth muscle and increases secretions.
What is the parasympathetic division?
This area swells and retains water during pulmonary edema.
What is the interstitial space?
These cells are free-moving and phagocytic.
What are alveolar macrophages?
These vessels hold large volumes of blood and have less muscle.
What are venules and veins?
This nerve controls the diaphragm.
What is the phrenic nerve?
These nerves help control breathing along with the phrenic nerve.
What are the intercostal nerves?
These holes allow communication between adjacent alveoli.
What are the pores of Kohn?
This blanket traps debris before it reaches the alveoli.
What is the mucociliary blanket?
Blood flow is greatest in this part of the upright lung.
What are the bases?
The diaphragm originates from these cervical spine levels.
What are C3 to C5?
These divisions interact to maintain balance and tone.
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?