Pernicious Anemia
This type of anemia is characterized by an elevated MCV, as seen in a patient with an MCV of 108 fL.
What is macrocytic anemia?
The peripheral blood smear of a pt with lupus or another chronic illness demonstrates red blood cells with normal size and hemoglobin staining, consistent with this anemia classification.
What is normocytic normochromic anemia?
The peripheral blood smear of this patient reveals 35% of these immature hematopoietic cells, characterized by fine chromatin and prominent nucleoli.
What are myeloblasts?
This abnormal chromosome, found in approximately 90–95% of CML cases by conventional cytogenetics, results from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.
What is the Philadelphia chromosome?
Patients with multiple myeloma are particularly susceptible to infections caused by this encapsulated bacteria that causes pneumonia.
What is Strep pneumoniae?
This characteristic neutrophil abnormality is commonly observed on the peripheral blood smear of patients with megaloblastic anemia.
What are hypersegmented neutrophils?
This inflammatory cytokine stimulates hepatic production of hepcidin in anemia of chronic disease.
What is IL-6?
A positive stain for this enzyme, found in primary neutrophilic granules, supports the myeloid origin of leukemic blasts.
What is myeloperoxidase?
Enlargement of this organ causes left upper quadrant pain and early satiety in patients with CML.
What is the spleen?
Hypercalcemia, renal dysfunction, anemia, and bone lesions are collectively represented by this acronym used to identify end-organ damage in multiple myeloma.
What is CRAB?
Antibodies against this protein are more specific for pernicious anemia than antibodies against gastric parietal cells.
What is intrinsic factor?
Hepcidin binds to this iron-exporting protein, causing its degradation and preventing iron release from macrophages.
What is ferroportin?
The RUNX1::RUNX1T1 fusion protein disrupts this normal process, causing immature myeloid cells to accumulate.
What is myeloid differentiation?
In addition to granulocytosis with immature myeloid cells, an increase in this type of white blood cell is a characteristic peripheral blood finding that helps distinguish CML from a leukemoid reaction.
What are basophils?
This peripheral blood smear finding, characterized by red blood cells stacking like coins, occurs due to increased serum proteins.
What is rouleaux formation?
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes subacute combined degeneration involving these spinal cord pathways, leading to impaired vibration sense, proprioception, and spasticity.
What are the dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts?
This laboratory marker is typically decreased in iron deficiency anemia but normal or elevated in anemia of chronic disease.
What is serum ferritin?
This chromosomal translocation produces the RUNX1::RUNX1T1 fusion gene in a subtype of AML.
What is t(8;21)?
This first generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor treats CML by blocking the ATP binding site of BCR:ABL1.
What is imatinib (Gleevec)?
Myeloma cells promote osteoclast activation and osteolytic bone lesions by increasing the expression of this signaling molecule on bone marrow stromal cells.
What is RANKL?
Autoimmune destruction of these gastric cells leads to intrinsic factor deficiency, impaired vitamin B12 absorption, and ultimately pancytopenia.
What are gastric parietal cells?
In a patient with lupus and normocytic anemia, a negative direct Coombs test makes this immune-mediated mechanism of red blood cell destruction less likely.
What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Approximately 25% of AML cases with t(8;21) have an activating mutation in this receptor tyrosine kinase, which promotes leukemic cell proliferation and is associated with a worse prognosis.
What is c-KIT?
This mutation in the BCR:ABL1 kinase domain is associated with resistance to imatinib but can be targeted by ponatinib.
What is the T315I mutation?
These monoclonal immunoglobulin free light chains are excreted in the urine and can cause renal tubular damage and cast nephropathy.
What are Bence-Jones proteins?