Experiments
Why did the limestone "crackle" when you added a drop of vinegar to it?
It contains a lot of calcite.
The calcite reacted with the vinegar to make carbon dioxide gas, which formed bubbles. You could hear this as the bubbles reach the surface of the vinegar and popped.
The process by which sediment becomes sedimentary rock
Lithification
Which rock would have the most silicate minerals in it?
a. Magic intrusive igneous rock
b. felsic extrusive igneous rock
c. intermediate intrusive igneous rock
d. ultramafic extrusive igneous rock
B. Felsic extrusive igneous rock (intrusive or extrusive does not matter.)
Which of the four types of coal (anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite) produces the most pollution when it is burned?
Lignite Coal
It is the lowest grade of coal, so it has a lot of contaminants that make pollution when it is burned.
True or False: There is no way that metamorphic rock can become sedimentary rock.
False
Weathering followed by lithification would turn metamorphic rock into sedimentary rock.
Specimen 10 felt rougher because the particles that collected and stuck together were larger, which made the resulting rock tougher. What was it?
Sandstone
A distinct separation between two rock strata
Bedding Plane
Which of the following must be in between two strata of rock?
a. A bedding plane
b. An unconformity
c. A disconformity
d. A paraconformity
A. A bedding plane
If you have recognizable strata, a bedding plan of some kind must be present. The other answers are specific types of bedding planes, that may or may not exist.
A coal-burning plant produced a lot of SO3️. What element besides carbon is in the coal?
It has S (sulfur) in it.
Burning means reacting the fuel with 02️. If SO2️ is made, then the fuel must have S in it.
True or False: Sedimentary rock is more likely to contain fossils than igneous rock.
True.
It is also more likely than metamorphic rock to contain fossils.
Specimen 12 is made when smaller particles collect and stick together. As a result it is smoother and should have been harder(if not impossible) to see any grains, and the sparkles were probably small, even with a magnifying glass. What was it?
silstone
A separation between two strata caused by a period of erosion or no sediment
Unconformity
Which type of rock requires both heat and pressure to form?
a. sedimentary rock
b. igneous rock
c. regional metamorphic rock
d. dynamic metamorphic rock
C. Regional metamorphic rock
Sedimentary and igneous don't necessarily need both pressure and heat. Metamorphic needs at least one of the two, but regional metamorphic needs both.
A rock that forms from magma is an ________ ________ rock.
Intrusive igneous
True of False: Lithification is always a very slow process.
False
It can be very fast, depending on the conditions
In experiment 4.4, why did the marble sparkle more than the limestone? Where do the sparkles come from?
The calcite crystals in the marble are larger. The sparkles come from the minerals' luster.
The contact between igneous or metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock
Nonconformity
Which type of rock would be a clastic sedimentary rock?
a. A sedimentary rock made of chemicals altered by water.
b. A sedimentary rock made of chemicals that have precipitated out of water.
c. A sedimentary rock made of carbon particles from the decayed remains of organisms.
d. A sedimentary rock made of sediments that came from weathering and erosion.
D.
Chemical sedimentary rocks come from chemical processes or precipitation in water, and organic sedimentary rocks contain particles from organisms.
In the rock cycle, what must happen for a sedimentary rock to become an igneous rock?
1. Heat/pressure applied to it, transforming it into metamorphic rock.
2. It must be melted into magma.
3. Then, it must freeze.
True or False: Sandstone is made from larger particles of sediment than siltstone.
True
That's why the siltstone in your kit is smoother than the sandstone. Also, sand is defined as having larger particles than silt.
Gneiss is a foliated metamorphic rock. What caused the crystals to grow mostly parallel with each other in the gneiss, making bands of color?
The pressure at which the gneiss was formed (foliation).
A bedding plane that is thought to be an unconformity but doesn't look like one
Paraconformity
Which of the following can properly describe coal?
a. A clastic sedimentary rock
b. An organic sedimentary rock
c. An extrusive igneous rock
d. A metamorphic rock that is almost completely made of carbon
B. An organic sedimentary rock and D. A metamorphic rock
Coal starts out as an organic sedimentary rock, but it can be turned into anthracite coal, which is a metamorphic rock that is almost completely made of carbon.
A dike can be made of either igneous or sedimentary rock. Briefly explain how both are formed.
An igneous dike is formed from magma that is pushed up through a crack in the rocks.
A sedimentary dike if formed from sediments pushed down in a crack.
Rock B is identified as organic. It is composed mostly of sediments that came from weathering and erosion.
Rock C is identified as clastic. It is composed mostly of carbon particles from the decayed remains of organisms.
False.
Rock B is identified as clastic. Rock C is identified as organic.