Cells & Classification
This cell type lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; bacteria are the primary example.
Prokaryotic cell (Prokaryote).
This level of biological organization consists of a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Tissue.
This is the specific molecule that cells use for immediate energy; it is produced during cellular respiration.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
This is a specific segment of DNA located on a chromosome that carries the instructions for a single trait.
Gene
Matter is defined as anything that has these two measurable physical properties.
Mass and Volume.
Name two structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Hint: think about what all cells need to make proteins and hold genetic material).
Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, or DNA.
This system includes the heart and blood vessels; its primary job is transporting nutrients, gases, and wastes.
Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System.
Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration using formulas for glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP)
If a human parent cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in the body cells of the offspring? Explain how they get that number.
46 chromosomes. The offspring receives 23 chromosomes from the sperm and 23 from the egg.
In the equation 2H2 + O2 ---> 2H2O what do the large numbers (coefficients) represent, and why are they necessary?
They represent the number of molecules. They are used to balance the equation to satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass.
This domain consists of prokaryotic organisms that are often "extremophiles," living in harsh environments like hot springs.
Archaea
Name two different organs and identify the specific organ system each one belongs to.
(e.g., Lungs/Respiratory; Stomach/Digestive; Brain/Nervous).
Compare photosynthesis and respiration: name one substance that is a product of photosynthesis but a reactant for respiration.
Oxygen O2 or Glucose C6H12O6
A parent with genotype Hh (brown eyes) crosses with a parent with hh (blue eyes). What is the probability (%) that the offspring will have blue eyes?
50%. (Genotypes: 50% Hh, 50% hh).
Define endothermic and exothermic reactions and give one classroom example of each.
Endothermic: Absorbs heat (e.g., instant cold pack/photosynthesis). Exothermic: Releases heat (e.g., combustion/hand warmers).
Identify the organelle where photosynthesis occurs and name the two chemical reactants required for the process.
Chloroplast; Reactants: Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and Water ($H_2O$). (Note: Sunlight is the energy source, not a reactant).
Using the digestive system as an example, describe how tissues, organs, and organ systems are organized hierarchically.
Muscle/epithelial tissues form the stomach (organ), which works with the intestines (organs) to form the digestive system.
Define bioenergetics and state the First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Conservation of Energy) as it applies to living systems.
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow through living systems. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Define a genetic mutation and provide one example of a mutation that could be beneficial to an organism's survival.
A change in the DNA sequence. Beneficial: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria or camouflaged fur color.
Calculate the total number of atoms in one formula unit of Calcium Hydroxide: Ca (OH)2. Show your work.
5 atoms total ($Ca=1, O=2, H=2$).
Identify one organelle found only in plant cells, and explain why animal cells do not need a cell wall.
Chloroplast or Cell Wall. Animals don't need cell walls because they have skeletal systems for support and need flexible cells for movement.
Explain two ways the integumentary system (skin) and the immune system work together to protect the body.
The skin is a physical barrier; 2) The skin sends signals to immune cells (white blood cells) when breached; 3) Skin oils/sweat have antimicrobial properties.
Energy flows in one direction (Sun ---> Producers ---> Consumers). Explain why energy is "lost" as it moves up the chain and what form that lost energy takes.
Energy flows one way because as it is used for metabolism, much of it is released as heat, which cannot be "re-eaten" by producers.
Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction: explain why sexual reproduction results in genetic variation while asexual reproduction creates clones.
Sexual reproduction involves the recombination of DNA from two parents (unique mix); Asexual reproduction is a simple copy of one parent's DNA (mitosis/binary fission).
State the Law of Conservation of Mass and explain how a balanced chemical equation proves that mass was not lost.
Mass is neither created nor destroyed. A balanced equation shows the same number and type of atoms on the reactant side as the product side.