Rulers & Revolutions
This French monarch was the most successful example of an absolute ruler.
Louis XIV
He used mathematics to develop the theory that the earth revolves around the sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus
This man is known as the Father of Modern Chemistry.
Bonus: This Renaissance scientist was controversial for his belief that it was actually beneficial to treat illnesses with chemicals.
Antoine Lavoisier
Bonus:Paracelsus
This view sees God as a "clock-winder" who created the world but left it to run by natural laws.
Deism
This medieval institution provided the first formal place for people to study the natural world.
university
This document was signed by William and Mary in exchange for the English throne.
Bonus: This English King challenged Parliament and was eventually defeated and executed during the English Civil War.
English Bill of Rights
Bonus: Charles I
He developed calculus and discovered the laws of gravity and motion.
Bonus: This medieval scholar made significant early contributions to the fields of physics, geography, and optics.
Sir Isaac Newton
Bonus: Roger Bacon
This scientist discovered the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.
Robert Boyle
This philosophy teaches that the only way to find true knowledge is through human experience.
Empiricism
After the Thirty Years' War, European conflicts began to focus on this rather than religion.
Bonus: To support its massive economic growth, the Dutch Republic established a banking system and this other financial institution.
political power
Bonus: stock market
He ruled as "Lord Protector" in England after the defeat of Charles I.
Oliver Cromwell
He used a telescope to confirm the earth's orbit and was later pressured by the church to recant.
Galileo Galilei
This individual developed a vaccine for smallpox.
Edward Jenner
René Descartes believed this was the best foundation for establishing truth.
Bonus: This philosophical school of thought, distinct from empiricism, teaches that human reason is the best and only way to establish truth.
human reason
Bonus: Rationalism
This task, involving the exchange of ideas, was surprisingly NOT an important part of scientific methodology.
debating opposing ideas
This Russian ruler worked tirelessly to transform his country into a "great state."
Bonus: This term describes the group of advisers in England who eventually began to set and make government policy.
Peter the Great
Bonus: the cabinet
This astronomer has a famous comet named after him.
Edmond Halley
He was the first to accurately describe the human circulatory system.
Bonus: This man was a medieval scholar, like Albert the Great, who helped preserve knowledge by translating documents from this specific culture.
William Harvey
Bonus: Muslim scholars
This term describes the Enlightenment idea where people elect a government to rule them.
social contract
In Brandenburg-Prussia, rulers kept these nobles from challenging them by granting special privileges.
Bonus: This 1648 treaty ended the Thirty Years' War and allowed German princes to choose the religion for their specific states.
Junkers
Bonus: Peace of Westphalia
This king fled England during the "Glorious Revolution."
James II
He discovered the planet Uranus and built a forty-foot-long telescope.
Bonus: While many Enlightenment thinkers moved away from faith, these individuals believed that scientific investigation actually brought glory to God.
Sir William Herschel
Bonus: Christians
This Renaissance scientist studied human anatomy by dissecting bodies.
Andreas Vesalius
Benedict de Spinoza was a philosopher who did NOT believe this book was absolute truth.
Bonus: According to the "Social Contract," this is the specific action a group of people takes to give a government the right to rule their country.
Bible
Bonus: electing a government
This country was unique for developing a large economic empire without a monarchy.
Dutch Republic