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Natural Resources
are materials found in nature that humans use for survival, energy, and economic activities.
Examples for Nonrenewable Resources
Oil, coal, natural gas, minerals.
who discovered Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener
Tools Used to Study Seafloor Spreading
Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging)
Topographic Maps
Convergent Boundaries
Plates move toward one another.
Can result in mountains, trenches, or volcanoes, depending on the crust involved.
Example: Himalayan Mountains, Andes Mountains
Tectonic Plates
Earth's surface is divided into massive, slow-moving slabs
Examples for Natural Resources
Water, soil, air, trees, fossil fuels, metals.
what is Continental Drift
Over millions of years, continents drifted to their current locations.
Claimed all continents were once part of a supercontinent called Pangaea.
Sonar
Sends sound waves to the seafloor and measures how long they take to return.
Used to map the shape and features of the ocean floor.
What Is Urban Sustainability?
Sustainability in cities means designing and managing urban areas in ways that reduce harm to the environment, use resources wisely, and support long-term human well-being.
Renewable Resources
Naturally replenished over a short time.
Examples for Renewable Resources
Wind, solar, water, biomass.
what is the evidence for Continental Drift
Fossils, Matching rock formations, Climate clues, Puzzle-like fit
Topographic Maps
Show underwater features such as mid-ocean ridges, trenches, and abyssal plains.
Help visualize plate activity and seafloor structure.
Key Goals
Reduce Waste and Pollution
Efficient Energy Use
Green Spaces
Water Conservation
Sustainable Transportation
Eco-Friendly Building Design
Major Tectonic Plates
Pacific Plate, North American Plate, South American Plate, African Plate, Eurasian Plate,Indo-Australian Plate, Antarctic Plate.
Evidence
Rock Age: Youngest rocks are located at the ridges; older rocks are found farther away.
Topography of the ocean floor:
Includes ridges, trenches, and plains discovered during ocean exploration.
Seafloor Spreading
New crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises and solidifies.
Pushes older crust outward, expanding the ocean floor over time.
Transform Boundaries
Plates slide past one another.
Crust is neither created nor destroyed.
Often cause earthquakes.
Example: San Andreas Fault (California)
Examples of Sustainable Cities
Copenhagen, Denmark: Biking city with renewable energy.
Singapore: Green architecture and strict pollution control.
Portland, Oregon: Extensive recycling and public transit systems.
Nonrenewable Resources
Limited in supply and take millions of years to form.
causes of Tectonic Plates
These plates shift and interact, shaping the land through earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
what are the impact on people using Resources
Overuse, Pollution, Deforestation, Soil erosion, Conservation efforts
Divergent Boundaries
Plates move apart.
Magma rises to form new crust.
Features: Mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, volcanoes.
Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East African Rift
Vocabulary
Renewable / Nonrenewable,
Continental Drift,
Seafloor Spreading,
Sonar,
Topography,
Transform / Divergent / Convergent Boundary,
Sustainability,
Green Energy,