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What is a group of rocky rapids that made it impossible for ships to travel upstream from Egypt?
Cataract- groups of rocky rapids that made it impossible for ships to travel upstream from Egypt
What is a Pharaoh and who was the first Egyptian Pharaoh?
The King of United Egypt
Narmer was the first Pharaoh
The people of ancient Egypt had to get these resources through __________ with neighboring countries.
The people of ancient Egypt had to get these resources through trade, or commerce, with neighboring countries.
What is the hard white substance composing the main part of the tusks of an elephant often used to make ornaments?
Ivory - hard white substance composing the main part of the tusks of an elephant often used to make ornaments
What is a body preserved by a special process known to ancient Egyptians?
A mummy- A body preserved by a special process known to ancient Egyptians.
Scientist have learned much about life and death in ancient Egypt through mummies.
What is an area of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river?
Delta
What is a scribe?
Egyptians who would keep records and write stories using ink on papyrus
What word does this define?
-dependence by each country or group on the other (both sides rely on each other to get what they need/want)
Interdependence - dependence by each country or group on the other (both sides rely on each other to get what they need/want)
Who was Hapshepsut?
Daughter and wife of pharaohs
● When her husband died, she ruled Egypt in place of her young son
● Ruled as a King to gain support, including wearing a false beard, the symbol of the pharaoh’s power
● Peaceful, prosperous rule
● Increased wealth of Egypt through trade
What is a Rosetta Stone?
Rosetta Stone - Dating from 196 BC, it carries three inscriptions: two in Egyptian scripts and one in Greek. It was the key to translating early writing systems.
Discovered by soldiers from Napoleon Bonaparte’s army in Egypt
Never to be used as a table!
What are skilled workers who practice a handicraft?
Artisans- skilled workers who practice a handicraft
What is anatomy?
Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body
What is the difference between the black lands and red lands in Egypt?
The Black Land: the narrow strips of black fertile soil lining the banks of the Nile River and covering the delta. This area would be created by the annual floods; as the flood waters subsided, silt was left in its place. (Gift of the Nile)The fertile soil was perfect for farming and allowed a large amount of people to live in small area. However, the annual floods were unpredictable and sometimes dangerous; too much water could sweep away the soil and too little water could result in drought. Both could result in famine for the land.
The Red Land: the land outside the Black Land that did not receive flood waters. This hot and dry area is part of the Sahara. Called the “red land” because of the natural red color of the sun-baked landscape, it is a deadly place of hot, burning sands.
What is a Bureaucracy?
Bureaucracy - system of offices and officials that handle the business of government
What Kingdom does this describe?
● Period of prosperity, political strength, and cultural achievement
● Famous Pyramids of Giza built
● Falls into period of civil wars and dysfunction at the end of the kingdom
The Old Kingdom
What did they call the King of united Egypt?
Pharaoh - The King of united Egypt.
What is papyrus?
Papyrus - Material, similar to paper, made by ancient Egyptians from papyrus reed that grew along the banks of the Nile (Gift of the Nile)
What is Meroitic Script?
Meroitic Script - one of the world’s first alphabets (created by the Nubians)
What is a drawing/symbol that represents a word or sound?
Hieroglyphic - a drawing/symbol that represents a word or sound
What Kingdom does this describe?
● Period of relative stability
● Most noted for the building of canal systems to help deal with the Nile floods
● Falls into period of civil wars and invasions at the end of the kingdom
Middle Kingdom
List two aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization that were based on its geography and two that were not.
Aspects based on Geo:
Gifts of the Nile
Not based on Geo:
Explain the connection between Egypt's geography and its achievements.
Gifts of the Nile
Silt and water -> fertile soil (Black Land) -> great farming -> FOOD SURPLUS
Ingredients for Papyrus -> hieroglyphics/writing -> math
Clay -> ability to create pyramids and sculptures
Explain how geography helped shape the civilization of Nubia?
Due their geography and natural resources both Egypt and Nubia had resources the other needed and wanted. Egypt needed Nubia’s gold and iron to make weapons and luxury goods while Nubia needed Egypt’s grain to make up for their lack of agricultural production. This resulted in an interdependence and a long history of trade between the two states. This resulted in cultural diffusion.
Cultural diffusion --> Nubians adopted Egyptian religion ---> Egyptians conquers Nubians in Middle Kingdom ---> Egyptians destroyed Napata ---> Nubians had to move to Meroe
The city of Napata was destroyed by the Egyptians in 591 BC, forcing the Nubians to move their capital to the city of Meroë. Meroë was an area surrounded by rich iron deposits that the Nubians would turn into Africa’s first ironworking center. Their iron tools and weapons were stronger than Egypt’s soft bronze tools and they made beautiful jewelry from their gold mines.
Who does this describe?
- Son of pharaoh
- Spent first half of rule fighting in Fertile Crescent
- Led his army against the Hittites in Kadesh (Syria); lost many soldiers and later made peace by agreeing on a border
- Built more monuments than any other pharaoh
Ramses II
Which Kingdom does this describe?
● The highpoint of ancient Egyptian power and prosperity
● Conquered lands in Africa & Asia
● Kingdom eventually weakened and broke apart
● Faced invaders: Persia, Greece, etc.
New Kingdom