Reform Movements
What was the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848?
1848 meeting in upstate NY with about 350 people discussing issues and solutions to women inequality
Describe the results of the Election of 1860.
Lincoln won, but only received 39% of popular vote meaning 61% did not vote for him
Lincoln received voted from Northern states and West, but not from the South
Increased tensions and infuriated Southerners
What was the Underground Railroad?
Series of secret route. allowed for runaway slaves to successfully make it to the North to escape slavery. Dangerous, well-organized, took the efforts of courageous people
Describe Southern Secession.
South Carolina seceded (left) the union (United States)
Jefferson Davis became the President of the newly formed Confederate States of America
5 more southern states joined South Carolina
Define popular sovereignty
people in the territory decide by voting whether or the territory will allow slavery or ban slavery
What was the Second Great Awakening?
Change in how people interpreted the Bible in the world.
People shifted towards believing their salvation was predetermined to believing they could earn salvation by being a good person.
Occurred in early to mid 1800s.
Explain William Lloyd Garrison's impact on American Society.
Created Newspaper called “The Liberator”. Persuades public African American issues are urgent.
How did Harriet Tubman impact the US?
Made 19 trips to the South, helped about 300 people escape slavery via the Underground Railroad.
What was Bleeding Kansas?
A proslavery group attacked antislavery forces in Kansas, burning a hotel, destroying printing presses, and killing a man.
In revenge, John Brown led an attack on proslavery men in Kansas murdering five men and boys.
The newspapers referred to Kansas as Bleeding Kansas. Before the violence was over, 200 people were dead.
Define Abolition
banning of slavery
What was the Temperance Movement?
Movement against alcohol, which resulted in Maine banning alcohol.
Children and Women tended to support it more, as they experienced the worst of alcohol abuse from men
Occurred in early to mid 1800s
How did Harriet Beecher Stowe impact the US?
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852: Published novel showing horrors of slavery with horrifying images, over 300,000 copies distributed.
What was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?
was made to return runaway slaves to the South. People could be fined for not turning in runaway slaves, and judges were rewarded for returning slaves.
Who was Dred Scott?
Dred Scott was enslaved in Missouri, but his owner moved north to Illinois. He believed he should no longer be a slave given he was in a free territory and challenged this in court.
Describe John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry.
John Brown raided Harpers Ferry with 21 followers, held hostage 60 people and planned to arm enslaved people with weapons to revolt
Failed because enslaved people did not understand plan, did not join him, and John Brown ended up being captured
Increased tensions as proslavery groups wanted him hanged, yet abolitionists viewed John Brown’s attempt to arm enslaved people as heroic
Summarize Education Reform in the early to mid 1800s in the US.
Massachusetts created first public education system
Horace Mann’s efforts led to increased teacher training and salaries.
Led to states in the Northeast creating public education in their states
Led to increase in literacy rates, as they were previously low
What were Frederick Douglas's solutions towards ending slavery?
Education, Learning how to read, giving speeches, advocate for African Americans to embrace the struggle to for equality, no matter that it takes. Advocating for voting, saying rebellion is justified is necessary.
List 3 provisions included in the The Compromise of 1850.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was made to return runaway slaves to the South. People could be fined for not turning in runaway slaves, and judges were rewarded for returning slaves.
What was the decision made in the Dred Scott v. Sandford US Supreme Court Case?
7-2 against Dred Scott.
What was the Declaration of Sentiments?
Using Declaration of Independence language, women argued for equal rights to men.
How did Dorothea Dix reform the prison system in the US?
Dorothea Dix led a movement towards making conditions better, debtors not being sent to prison, and people with mental illnesses getting treatment in asylums rather than being punished.
How did the Underground Railroad serve as a cause of the Civil War?
About 100,000 slaves escaped, which angered Southern Slave owners. Adding to the tensions, some abolitionists did not turn in these fugitives.
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?
Senator Stephen Douglas’s solution for solving the slavery question in Kansas and Nebraska territory was to allow the people to vote on whether or not they should allow slavery or not. (Popular Sovereignty)
What were the arguments against Dred Scott in the US Supreme Court Case, Dred Scott v. Sandford?
Scott was considered property, not a person, therefore the 5th Amendment’s Due Process Clause did not apply to him.
Nor did he have the right to go to court.
Because slave owners must be protected by 5ht Amendment’s Due Process Clause, Taney claimed slavery cannot be banned anywhere
What was the final spark that started the US Civil War?
Battle at Fort Sumter.