East Asia (Song China
This philosophy and social system continued to justify Song rule through traditional hierarchy.
What is Confucianism?
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, these Turkic‑dominated states emerged.
What are new Islamic political entities (e.g., Seljuk, Mamluk, Delhi Sultanates)?
These three religions continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
What are Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism?
These city‑states in Mesoamerica were known for their decentralized political structure
What are the Maya city‑states?
This East African Christian kingdom maintained continuity through its religious identity.
What is Ethiopia?
This religion continued to shape European society during 1200–1450.
What is Christianity?
This elite administrative system expanded under the Song and helped maintain state power.
What is the imperial bureaucracy?
Muslim rule expanded primarily through this method before merchants and Sufis spread Islam further.
What is military expansion?
This Hindu state in Southern India was founded by brothers who had converted from Islam.
What is the Vijayanagara Empire?
This empire used a tribute system and ruled from Tenochtitlan.
What is the Mexica (Aztec) Empire?
This southern African state was known for its massive stone structures.
What is Great Zimbabwe?
This political system was based on land exchanged for loyalty.
What is feudalism?
This fast‑ripening crop from Vietnam boosted agricultural output in Song China.
What is Champa rice?
This intellectual center in Baghdad preserved and commented on Greek philosophy.
What is the House of Wisdom?
This movement emphasized personal devotion to a Hindu deity rather than ritual.
What is the Bhakti movement?
This Andean empire used the mit’a labor system.
What is the Inca Empire?
These decentralized West African states were linked by trade and shared Hausa language.
What are the Hausa kingdoms?
This economic system tied peasants to the land of a lord.
What is the manorial system?
This ideology blended Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas and shaped East Asian culture.
What is Neo‑Confucianism?
This branch of Islam emphasized personal devotion and missionary activity.
What is Sufism?
This Buddhist kingdom in Southeast Asia is known for monumental architecture like Angkor Wat.
What is the Khmer Empire?
These cliff‑dwelling peoples built complex settlements in the American Southwest.
Who are the Mesa Verde or Chaco peoples?
African states, like those in Eurasia and the Americas, showed these three characteristics in state formation.
What are continuity, innovation, and diversity?
Europe’s political fragmentation led to the rise of these decentralized monarchies.
What are feudal monarchies?
Song China’s economy grew due to increased productive capacity, trade networks, and innovations in these two manufacturing sectors.
What are steel/iron and textiles/porcelain?
This mathematician contributed major advances in trigonometry.
Who is Nasir al‑Din al‑Tusi?
These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity as new Hindu and Buddhist powers.
What are the new South and Southeast Asian states (e.g., Srivijaya, Majapahit, Sinhala dynasties)?
This Mississippian city was known for mound‑building and a large urban population.
What is Cahokia?
This trade network connected African states to the Islamic world and helped spread Islam.
What is the Trans‑Saharan trade network?
European society relied on both free and coerced labor, including this form of agricultural servitude.
What is serfdom?