Cranial Nerves
Associated with smell -- the first cranial nerve
Olfactory
NE
Wakefulness/arousal, sensory info from environment, fight or flight, heart rate, prepare muscles, release energy from fat storage
Depression, panic, fear, anxiety
Primary integration of somatosensory inputs; somatosensation; integration of somatosensory input w/ visual and auditory inputs; perception
Parietal Lobe
Pair of small rounded nuclei on the ventral aspect of the brain
Episodic memory, consolidating emotions, regulating reward behaviors
Mammillary Body
A 50-year-old man reports he can’t smell his morning coffee after a head injury. On exam, taste and vision are normal.
What is cranial nerve I (olfactory)?
This cranial nerve controls the muscles of the tongue
What is Hypoglossal
Serotonin
Sleep, emotional control, pain regulation, emesis, carb-feeding, behaviors
OCD, Depression
Audition (hearing); language comprehension; support in development of long-term memory
Warnicke's area
Temporal Lobe
Contains life support center
Medulla
A patient presents with drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, and eye that is deviated "down and out."
What is cranial nerve III (oculomotor)?
Taste on anterior tongue, muscles on facial expression, eyelid closing
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Major inhibitory; calms the brain (acts as a "brake" on neurotransmitters that cause anxiety)
Anxiety, panic attacks
Occipital Lobe
Interpretation of incoming visual information
Dorsal and ventral streams
Hippocampus
Pair of arch-shaped fibers that begin in the uncus and wrap around to the mammillary bodies.
Relay system for messages generated by the limbic system
A woman complains of facial droop on the right, inability to close her right eye, and loss of taste on the anterior 2/3 of her tongue.
What is cranial nerve VII (facial)?
Name and describe cranial nerve 10
Sensory - palette and epiglottis
Motor - heart, lung, esophagus, GI tract, muscle of larynx, upper esophagus, swallowing, and speaking
Dopamine
DA
Motor system, cognition, motivation/reward
Schizophrenia
Olfactory bulb and tract
Structure in the forebrain that contains small receptors, processes smell and sends it to the other brain areas for interpretation
After a tonsillectomy, a patient has difficulty swallowing and their uvula deviates away from the injured side.
What is cranial nerve X (vagus)?
What are the names of the cranial nerves in order?
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
ACh
CNS: regulates the ANS (heartbeat) and acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
PNS: controls muscle action at the neuromuscular junction (excitatory)
Alzheimers, Myasthenia Gravis
Frontal Lobe
Mediation of higher cognitive functions such as planning (ideation), decision-making, working memory, and regulating behavior; motor planning; initiation of voluntary movements of specific body parts (motor homunculus); and motor movement for speech production
Prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, Broca's area
Thalamus
Constellation of paired nuclei that relay all but one sensation to the cerebral cortex and is a critical strucutre in the motor feedback loop
A patient cannot shrug their shoulders or turn their head against resistance on the left. The weakness is most noticeable in the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid.
What is cranial nerve XI (accessory)?