Cell Theory
Cell Theory has ____ how many main postulates.
2, 3, 4, 5
3
specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function
Think of them as “mini organs” within the cell working together for one main purpose à TO MAKE PROTEINS!
Organelles
the need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions it mainly sustains this by dynamic equilibrium is maintained = it isn’t always the same, but things stay within a range. This process is called maintaining __________
Homeostasis
Molecules move down a concentration gradient, from high [ ] to an area of low [ ]
Ex. O2 and CO2, and other small, nonpolar molecules
simple diffusion
before a stem cell gets a specific lifetime function it goes through ___________ a process that creates special structures and functions.
Differentiation
Structure •Made of microtubules •2 centrioles together = centrosome
Job •Appear during cell division, •Help cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart
CENTRIOLES
Name one of the main postulates of Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from other cells.
•Surrounds the outside of ALL cells!
•Made of two layers (known as the phospholipid bilayer)
Cell Membrane
Organisms constantly take in _______and have to _______to them in order to maintain homeostasis
stimuli respond
A _____ ______ helps to facilitate the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn‘t pass through the cell membrane
______ _______can act as a channel or a carrier
transport protein
•The Cell Cycle consists of 3 main phases: what are they?
–Interphase = cell growth
–Mitosis = cell division
–Cytokinesis = cytoplasm separation which begins at the end of mitosis
–Interphase = cell growth
–Mitosis = cell division
–Cytokinesis = cytoplasm separation which begins at the end of mitosis
This type of transport uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell.
Ex. When white blood cells engulf bacteria in order to fight infection.
Endocytosis
composed of many cells that may organize into tissues à organs à organ systems
Multicellular
Plasma Membrane Have ________(likes water) heads and _________(dislikes water) tails
hydrophilic hydrophobic
In a ________ feedback loop, the output (or product) of a system intensifies the response.
positive
Molecules move _______a concentration gradient, from high [ ] to an area of low [ ]
down
Interphase is made of 3 sub phases, AND 1 resting phase.
G1, S, G2 --> G0
_________– region of the condensed chromosomes that looks pinched.
Centromere
–It is the smallest part of an organism that is still capable of all of life’s processes.
–But they are VERY diverse.
What are the two types?
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic
The Cell Plasma Membrane is composed of carbs, proteins that move about freely with in the phospholipids, this characteristic gives it this other name
Fluid Mosaic Model
1.Human body temperature (thermoregulation)
2.Water concentration (osmoregulation)
3.Blood sugar regulation
are all examples of
negative feedback loop
The simple diffusion of _____ across the cell membrane.
______ molecules move down a concentration gradient, from high [water] to an area of low [water] until equilibrium is reached.
water
An unduplicated chromosome has a sister chromatid made during this Interphase stage of a cell
S phase
_________ solutions: water [ ] is higher than the cell’s cytoplasm.
Hypotonic
Although there are two main types of cells, ALL cells have this type of material that holds information.
Genetic
Structure: Threadlike fibers, Made of proteins
Job: Give the cell shape, Can also move organelles around
CYTOSKELETON
Homeostasis is maintained through regulation at the organ system level all the way down to the cellular level. Much of homeostasis on the cellular level is maintained by the ____ __________ controlling the movement of things in and out of the cell.
cell membrane
_______solutions: water [ ] is lower than the cell’s cytoplasm.
Hypertonic
Spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatid.
Chromosomes line up in middle of the cell.
Metaphase
_______ solutions: identical water [ ] to cell’s cytoplasm à
Isotonic
Structure •Small and numerous in animal cells
•One large central one in plant cells
Job •Storage (water, nutrients, waste, etc.)
Vacuoles
Structure• Made of proteins and rRNA, located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm
Job• Make proteins in a process called translation
Ribosomes
The transport of materials into and out of the cell is classified as either ________or _______.
passive or active
The Gummy Bear sitting in the distilled solution was in what type of Osmotic solution?
Hypotonic, which is why water moved into the cell
-Nucleus shrinks and breaks apart.
-Internal/external signals activate genes that produce self-destructive enzymes.
-programmed cell death
Apoptosis
________ uses vesicles to export materials out of the cell.
Ex. When nerve cells secrete neurotransmitters to send signals throughout the body.
Exocytosis