Approaches
This early psychologist aimed to study the structure of the mind using introspection.
Who is Wundt?
This type of conformity occurs when an individual publicly changes their behaviour to fit in but privately disagrees.
What is compliance?
This type of memory stores information for just a few seconds and has a very limited capacity, typically 7 ± 2 items.
What is short-term memory (STM)?
This psychologist is famous for the “Strange Situation” study used to assess infant attachment types.
Who is Ainsworth?
This term refers to behaviour that is unusual, distressing, and prevents an individual from functioning normally.
What is abnormality?
This approach emphasises free will, self-actualisation, and viewing individuals as unique and inherently good.
What is the humanistic approach?
This explanation for obedience suggests people see themselves as acting on behalf of an authority figure, no longer feeling personally responsible for their actions.
What is the agentic state?
According to the multi-store model, this process is required to transfer information from short-term memory into long-term memory.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
In Bowlby’s theory, this type of attachment develops when a child experiences a warm, continuous relationship with a primary caregiver, promoting healthy social and emotional development.
What is secure attachment?
This model explains phobias as learned through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning.
What is the behavioural approach to explaining phobias?
This cognitive concept refers to the mental frameworks that help us organise and interpret information.
What are schemas?
According to Asch, this variable increases conformity up to a point but then levels off once there are three confederates.
What is group size?
This type of long-term memory involves the conscious recall of facts and events, as opposed to skills or habits.
What is declarative / semantic memory?
This type of attachment is characterised by low stranger anxiety, low separation anxiety, and a tendency to avoid closeness with the caregiver.
What is insecure-avoidant attachment?
Beck’s cognitive theory of depression suggests that dysfunctional negative beliefs about the self, world, and future are collectively called this.
What is the negative triad?
According to Social Learning Theory, this cognitive process involves judging whether you have the physical or mental ability to reproduce a modelled behaviour, and it helps determine whether observational learning will actually occur.
What is motor reproduction?
Moscovici argued that minority influence depends on a specific behavioural style. Name the two key behavioural features that must be balanced for a minority to avoid appearing rigid while still exerting pressure on the majority.
What are consistency and flexibility?
This theory suggests that memories are more easily forgotten when the context at retrieval is different from the context at encoding.
What is context-dependent forgetting?
Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys showed that infant monkeys preferred this over a wire “mother” that provided milk, highlighting the importance of comfort in forming attachment
What is the cloth mother (or contact comfort)?
This type of treatment for mental disorders involves challenging and changing irrational thoughts and beliefs, often combined with behavioural techniques.
What is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)?
According to the biological approach, this term refers to the influence of inherited genetic factors on behaviour, often studied using twin research.
What is heritability?
In the process of social change, this mechanism explains how a minority viewpoint becomes more widely accepted as people shift their internal standards over time, gradually converting private attitudes without direct pressure.
What is the snowball effect?
This type of interference occurs when older memories disrupt the recall of newer information, such as having trouble remembering a new phone number because you keep recalling the old one.
What is proactive interference?
Research by this psychologist suggested that the quality of an infant’s attachment predicts later social and emotional outcomes, including relationships and behaviour in adolescence.
Who is Bowlby?
This concept describes the genetic predisposition to developing certain mental disorders, suggesting that some disorders run in families.
What is biological vulnerability (or heritability)?