Organized Labor
In exchange for union representation, workers pay a portion of this to the labor union that represents them
Salary / Paycheck
During a 20-year span between 1840 and 1860, four million immigrants came to the U.S., three million of which had come from Ireland and this other European nation
Germany
A negative consequence of urbanization was the increase of this type of activity, which was somewhat curbed by neighborhood watch groups
Criminal Activity / Crime
This individual invented the telegraph which could transmit information through wires across great distances
Samuel F.B. Morse
On May 10, 1869, the two railroad companies constructing the transcontinental railroad met at Promontory which is located in this state
Utah
This reform movement, led by Horace Mann, was undertaken so that all children, regardless of how wealthy or poor their families were, could attend the same schools
Common-School Movement
If the management of a company and the union representing its workers can’t agree on issues such as pay, benefits, work schedules, etc., workers can hold a vote on whether or not to go on this
Strike
Many German immigrants settled in the Midwest and became these (a type of profession)
Farmers
These were commonly overcrowded, dangerous, and riddled with potholes in many U.S. cities
City Streets / Roads
The implementation of this process, which used large furnaces, allowed steel to be produced much more cheaply than before; the process was developed by Sir Henry Bessemer of Britain
Bessemer Process
Many Irish immigrants ended up settling in the largest cities of the U.S. along the upper east coast, including this major city located in Massachusetts which nicknamed its NBA team after the city's Irish heritage (the Celtics)
Boston
Numerous reformers including Thomas Gallaudet, Dorothea Dix, and Horace Mann were all from this New England state
Massachusetts
To honor an recognize workers, this national holiday was designated by Congress in 1894 to occur every year on the first Monday of September
Labor Day
It was during the mid-1840s that this occurred, ravaging the small island nation of Ireland and causing many Irish to flee and immigrate to the U.S.
Irish Potato Famine
An often-overlooked issue which plagued practically all U.S. cities was sanitation, in particular, the removal of this from city streets (left behind by horses)
Manure / Animal Waste
He was a British mechanic who memorized the design of the spinning jenny, disguised himself as a farmer, and came to the U.S. where he introduced the technology to American textile mill owners
Samuel Slater
Because of this cities ideal, central location within the Midwest at the southern tip of Lake Michigan, and a relatively short distance from the Mississippi River, it grew into a major railroad hub and is the third most populous city in the U.S. to this day
Chicago
This society, founded by a former slave named Richard Allen in the late 1700s, served as a template for other groups to advocate for African Americans to receive an education and racial equality
Free African Religious Society
An early union leader, this individual worked in a cigar factory and realized that labor unions would garner more influence and power if they banded together
Samuel Gompers
People who distrust, dislike, or fear foreigners and/or foreign immigrants are known as these
Nativists
An influx of European immigrants combined with more Americans moving from these areas and in to cities (urban areas) led to urbanization
Rural Areas
The advent of these (identical parts) allowed goods to be mass produced
Interchangeable Parts
The ‘Clermont’, which was the first full-size commercial steamboat to successfully travel against a river current in 1807, did so on this major river located in the state of New York
Hudson River
The temperance movement was an effort to get Americans to limit their consumption of this
Alcohol
By 1886, numerous labor unions came together and formed this union
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
The primary reason many European immigrants came to the U.S. during the 1800s was to improve their _____ prospects and opportunities
Economic (Financial)
Due to widespread housing shortages in the nation's largest cities, buildings were divided up into small apartments known as these, in which seven or more people would commonly live in
Tenements
An American inventor, he popularized the use of interchangeable parts, and invented and patented the cotton gin
Eli Whitney
Because of its many coal deposits, numerous coal mines were developed throughout this mountain range
Appalachian
This reform movement targeted prisons and included the creation of these, which attempted to change the behavior of inmates by providing them with an education, and at the same time help address the overcrowding of prisons
Houses of Correction