Unit 1: The New World meets the Old World
Identify: Flower Wars and Hueztipoaocheli
Flower Wars: Wars that were created to capture people for human sacrifices.
Hueztipoaocheli: Aztec god, Lover of Hearts and Drinker of Blood
Identify: Villa Rica de Vera Cruz
Rich Town of the True Cross, the encampment that Cortes built.
Identify: Fray Martin de Valencia and Juan de Zumarraga
Fray Martin de Valencia: the leader of the 12 Apostles of Mexico
Juan de Zumarraga: The Bishop of Mexico City, “Protector of the Indians of Mexico”
Identify: Apostle over the Andes and St. Turibius
Apostle over the Andes: St. Francis Solano
St. Turibius: Archbishop of Lima; Advocated for the welfare of Mesoamericans throughout Peru
Identify: Puritans, Separatists, Quakers
Puritans: Believed that man was corrupt and only God could choose him to be a part of the Elect
Separatists: Opposed any kind of church organization
Quakers: Guided by an Inner Light directly from God.
What year were the Americas discovered?
Where did Columbus’ voyage land in continental America?
1. 1492 AD
2. Venezuela
Identify: Ferdinand Magellan
A Portuguese explorer who discovered the Straits of Magellan and circumnavigated the globe
Identify: Nuno de Guzman and Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
Nuno de Guzman: The Commissioner of Audencia; a slave trader
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca: Walked through Texas, crossing the Colorado and Pecos Rivers. Discovered the Iguazu Falls as well
Who was tasked with converting the Mesoamericans in Paraguay and North America?
Paraguay: Jesuit
North America: Franciscans
Identify: John Cabot, Walter Raleigh, and Francis Drake.
John Cabot: Found Newfoundland
Walter Raleigh: Found North Carolina and named this Virginia, after the “Virgin Queen”
Francis Drake: Second man to ever circumnavigate the globe.
Identify: Olmecs and Pachacuti
Olmecs: The first group to be known for human sacrifices
Pachacuti: Incan emperor, Extended their rule from Northern Ecuador to central Chile
Describe the Straits of Magellan
Some of the stormiest waterways in the world, it is 360 miles long.
How did the 12 Franciscan missionaries evangelize the Mesoamericans?
Learned the language of the people and translated the commandments into Aztec verses
Organized processions, loved the music and pageantry
What years did the Spanish and Portugal kings expel the Jesuits?
King Joseph I of Portugal expelled them in 1759
King Charles III of Spain expelled them in 1767
Identify The Lost Colony of Roanoke and Virginia Dare
The Lost Colony of Roanoke: Disappeared without a trace in 1587
Virginia Dare: First English child was born in the New World
Identify: Quetzalcoatl and Amerigo Vespucci
Quetzalcoatl: Toltec leader who banned human sacrifice
Amerigo Vespucci: took credit for discovering the Americas, named after him
What did Hernan Cortes do after every battle or conquest of a temple?
He would burn the temples to cleanse them. Then he would take down all pagan imagery and erect crosses and pictures of Mother, Mary. He would often also have masses said in the temples
Identify: Santo Espiritu, Pedro Mendoza, and Maranon
Santo Espiritu: Mississippi River.
Pedro Mendoza: Established Santa Maria del Buen Aire in Argentina
Maranon: Amazon River
When was Santa Fe established and what does it mean?
How many churches were built from 1600 - 1625 in New Mexico?
1601; Holy Faith
50 churches
Identify: Mercantilism and the Stamp Act of 1765
Mercantilism: An economic policy that was used by most European nations in the 16th and 17th century
The Stamp Act of 1765: The British Parliament imposed the first tax on the American colonies to help pay for the British army stationed in North America
Identify: Juan Ponce de Leon and Tlacaelel
Juan Ponce de Leon: Discovered Florida, the Gulf Stream, and the Gulf of Mexico
Tlacaelel: Aztec warrior who controlled the Aztec empire demanded a thousand human sacrifices in every town every year.
What day did he lay siege on Tenochtitlan, and how long did it last?
May 13th, 1521. It lasted for 93 days and ended August 13, 1521
What does “Santa Maria del Buen Aire” mean? Where is it located in the modern day?
St. Mary of the Good Air; Buenos Aires
Describe what a Reductions is
What is the Treaty of Madrid?
Communities that isolated Mesoamericans from the Spaniards.
1750 - Treaty of Madrid put an end to the Jesuit reductions and other work of the Jesuits.
What were the effects of the 7 years war?
Pontiac’s Rebellion
North America’s identity is English and protestant
Great Britain doubled their national debt
Identify: Pedro Cabral
Pedro Cabral: Sailed for Portugal and discovered Brazil, and called it, “The Island of the True Cross.”
What day did he land and what is the significance of this?
April 22, 1519 (Good Friday), 1-Reed, Day 9-wind. The Aztecs thought he was a god and gave him many gifts.
Identify: Francisco de Orellana and Hernan de Soto
Francisco de Orellana: Discovered the Amazon River and successfully sailed back to Cubagua
Hernan de Soto: Child of the Sun
What is the Black Legend?
What is the book, “A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies” about?
Propaganda pushed by the Dutch and the English that Spaniards were unusually cruel, greedy, and depraved.
He wrote that Spaniards had killed 20 million Indians, this number was later on disproved by historians
Identify the Mayflower Compact and City on the Hill
The Mayflower Compact: Nov 11, 1620 - A written agreement that would serve as the foundation for the government of Plymouth Colony
City on the Hill: A speech given by Winthrop to remind the Puritans that they are a holy example to all the nations.
Identify the Treaty of Tordesillas
The line of demarcation (an imaginary line) was drawn through the Atlantic Ocean.
Spain received the western lands - Most of North and South America
Portugal received the eastern lands - Brazil and everything else.
What is Noche Triste? When did it occur?
Noche Triste is the Night of Sorrows. It occurred on June 30 - July 1, 1520.
What happened on February 12, 1542, and on September 11, 1542?
February 12, 1542: Orellana discovered the Amazon River
September 11, 1542:Orellana spotted Cubagua
Who is Fr. Junipero Sera and what missions did he establish?
A Franciscan brother was sent to explore Lower California. He established the San Diego, Monterey, San Buenaventura, San Gabriel, and San Luis Obispo missions.
Identify the year and founder of the colonies: Maryland, Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Plymouth Colony
Maryland: 1633, George Calvert
Jamestown: 1607, London Company
Massachusetts Bay: 1630, John Winthrop.
Plymouth: 1620, John Carver
What were the Mayans known for?
The first civilization to appear in the New World and practice human sacrifice.
Cities were built around altars
Developed an 18-month calendar and were excellent astronomers
Developed irrigation
When Magellan found the Straits and returned back to Seville, Spain?
1. October 18th, 1520
2. September 8, 1522
What did Hernan Cortes do to facilitate the peaceful coexistence of Spaniards and Mesoamericans after the fall of the Aztec empire?
Rebuilt Tenochtitlan
Enacted laws prohibiting slavery
Gave land grants to Spaniards and Natives
Sent men on expeditions to explore and establish Spanish rule all over Mexico
Who was St. Jose de Anchieta and what were some of the accomplishments of St. Jose de Anchieta?
Apostle of Brazil
Established a peace treaty between the Tamoyo tribe and others.
Jesuit College in Rio de Janeiro
Laws regulating slavery
Visited small towns (Aldeias)
Father of Brazilian Literature
1578 - Jesuits’ Superior of Brazil
List the Colonial Wars in order.
1. America: King William’s War Europe: the War of the League of Augsburg
2. America: Queen Anne’s War
Europe: War of the Spanish Succession
3. The War of Jenkins Ear
4. King George's War
5. America: French and Indian War
Europe: The Seven Years War