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What are the main sources of vocabulary in Germanic languages ?
Native (inherited ) words, borrowings ( Latin, French)and newly formed words
What are cognates ?
Words with common origin in different languages (ex=English father , German Vater )
Difference between derivational and inflectional morphemes?
Derivational change meaning (happy → happiness); inflectional change grammar (cat → cats).
Main types of verbs?
Strong verbs and weak verbs.
What are modal verbs?
Auxiliary verbs expressing ability, necessity, or possibility (can, must, may).
How do native Germanic words differ from borrowed words?
Native words are usually basic, everyday words (e.g: house, water ) while borrowings are often more formal or technical .
What are the main parts of a word?
Root, prefix, and suffix
Example of complex words?
Unhappiness, blackboard, misunderstanding.
Difference between strong and weak verbs?
Strong verbs use vowel change; weak verbs use suffix (-ed).
What noun cases existed in Proto-Germanic?
Nominative, accusative, genitive, dative (sometimes instrumental).
What role did Latin and French borrowings play in English vocabulary ?
They richer English with many terms in law,science,religion and culture.
Difference between root, prefix, suffix?
Root = main meaning; prefix = added before root; suffix = added after root.
What is ablaut?
Vowel change within a word to show grammatical contrast.
How is past tense formed in weak verbs?
By adding a dental suffix (-d, -t, -ed).
How many genders are there?
Three: masculine, feminine, neuter.
What is meant by “core vocabulary “?
Basic words used in everyday communication , usuallly of Germanic origin.
How does word formation occur?
Through compounding, derivation, and inflection.
Difference between ablaut and umlaut?
Ablaut = internal vowel change (sing–sang); umlaut = vowel change due to nearby sound.
What are irregular verbs?
Verbs that do not follow standard patterns, often strong verbs.
How is plural formed?
By endings (-s, -en) or vowel change (man → men).
How did historical events influence vocabulary ?
Conquests, trade and cultural contact introduced many loanwords (e.g: Norman, Conquest ~ French words )
What is compounding?
Combining two or more words to form a new word (e.g., toothbrush).
Origin of ablaut?
It comes from Proto-Indo-European language patterns.
How is tense and aspect expressed?
Through verb forms and auxiliary verbs.
Difference between German and English gender?
German keeps grammatical gender; English mostly lost it.