Leaders
Who led the Indian independence movement’s Salt March in 1930?
Mahatma Gandhi.
Which 1942 movement called for immediate British withdrawal from India?
Quit India Movement.
What does “Satyagraha” literally mean?
“Truth-force” or “soul-force.”
In what year did India gain independence from Britain?
1947
Why was the Salt March significant?
It mobilized mass civil disobedience against unjust salt taxes and demonstrated the effectiveness of nonviolent protest against British authority.
Who became the first Prime Minister of independent India in 1947?
Jawaharlal Nehru.
What 1952–60 uprising in Kenya against British rule was led primarily by the Kikuyu?
Mau Mau Uprising
What was “Purna Swaraj”?
Complete self-rule,” the Indian National Congress’s 1930 declaration demanding full independence from Britain.
When did Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast) achieve full independence?
March 6, 1957
What was the impact of the Mau Mau Uprising on British colonial policy?
It convinced British officials that colonial rule in Kenya was unsustainable, accelerating negotiations toward Kenyan independence.
Which leader of the Indian National Army allied with Japan during WWII to fight the British?
Subhas Chandra Bose.
What 1946 naval mutiny in India challenged British authority and signaled unrest among armed forces?
Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
Define “Negritude.”
A literary and ideological movement in Francophone Africa celebrating Black identity, culture, and heritage as a response to colonial racism.
In what year was the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) founded?
May 25, 1963
How did the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny influence India’s path to independence?
It demonstrated that loyalty of Indian armed forces was shifting away from the British, increasing pressure on Britain to negotiate independence
Who negotiated with the British on behalf of the Muslim League for Pakistan during the 1946–47 provincial elections?
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
What 1955–59 campaign of civil disobedience in South Africa challenged apartheid laws?
Defiance Campaign
What is “Consciencism” as proposed by Kwame Nkrumah?
An ideological framework combining African socialism, anti-imperialism, and cultural renaissance to guide Ghana and inspire Pan-African unity.
What year did Algeria formally proclaim independence from France?
July 5, 1962
Why did the failure of the 1946 Cabinet Mission Plan lead to the Partition of India?
Disagreements over provincial grouping and power-sharing between Congress and the Muslim League made the plan unworkable, convincing both sides that separate states were inevitable
Who was the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo in 1960?
Patrice Lumumba.
What 1961 conflict highlighted violent struggles during the Congo’s decolonization after independence?
Congo Crisis
Explain “Blood and Iron” as used by some African activists
A phrase denoting the belief that forceful or armed resistance was necessary to overthrow colonial rule when nonviolent methods failed
On what exact date did the Partition of India and creation of Pakistan formally take effect?
August 15, 1947 (India) and August 14, 1947 (Pakistan)
Assess how Kwame Nkrumah’s “Consciencism” philosophy influenced Pan-African unity
It provided intellectual coherence by fusing socialism, anti-colonialism, and cultural affirmation, inspiring leaders like Sekou Touré and Félix Houphouët-Boigny to pursue similar unifying, self-reliant visions across Africa