DNA & mRNA
what are the nucleobases in DNA? what does the base-paring rule say?
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
A & T always together and C & G always together
what is the main purpose of protein synthesis?
the bridge of DNA instructions to life
takes information out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and encodes the information into proteins
what are the base pairs when mRNA is formed? why?
adenine & uracil and cytosine & guanine
uracil is more 'energy cheaper' for the body, so U is replaced with T
what is the codon that sends the stop signal? what is its corresponding amino acid?
A U G
met
DNA has a code of:
A T G C A T G C A
write the corresponding DNA base-pairs.
T A C G T A C G T
what is the shape of DNA's overall structure called? what two molecules make the backbone and what makes the middle?
double helix
sugars & phosphates make the backbone, nucleobase pairs make the middle
what are the two main steps in protein synthesis? which comes first? what are the three components in both steps?
transcription: initiation, elongation, termination
translation: initiation, elongation, termination
what is the main enzyme that helps with transcription?
RNA polymerase
what is the main enzyme that helps with transcription? what are the two subunits?
ribosome
small and large
DNA has a code of:
A T A A C G G A T
write the corresponding mRNA base-pairs.
U A U U G C C U A
who actually discovered DNA and who wrongfully received the credit?
Rosalind Franklin
Watson & Crick
what is the main idea of transcription? where does it occur in the cell?
DNA --> mRNA
starts in the nucleus, ends in the cytoplasm
what happens during initiation?
start signal --> RNA polymerase binds, DNA unwinds, transcription factors come to help --> transcription initiation complex
each group of three base-pairs is called a . . .
codon
tRNA has a code of:
A U G G C C U A G
write the corresponding amino acids.
met, ala, stop
what does DNA stand for? where is it located? what does mRNA stand for? where is it located?
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid is located in the nucleus
mRNA = messenger ribonucleic acid is located in the cytoplasm
what is the main idea of translation? where does it occur in the cell?
mRNA --> proteins
starts in the cytoplasm, then proteins are sent throughout the body
what happens during termination?
stop signal --> RNA polymerase released, DNA begins to wind back together, mRNA leaves the nucleus and is released into the cytoplasm
what are proteins made out of? what brings those into translation?
amino acids
tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid)
mRNA has a code of:
T A C G C U A C C
write the corresponding tRNA base-pairs and the corresponding amino acids.
A U G C G A U G G
met, arg, stop
what is DNA made out of? list in order of smallest to largest and give at least two examples of each.
subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) --> atoms (C, H, O, N, P) --> molecules (sugar, phosphate, nucleobases)
why is protein synthesis essential for cell survival
transports locked information to be used
what is the transcription initiation complex?
when transcription factors and RNA polymerase start to copy DNA into mRNA by adding corresponding base pairs
what are amino acids linked by?
peptide bonds
DNA has a code of:
A T G G A C T A G
write the corresponding mRNA base-pairs, tRNA base-pairs, and the corresponding amino acids.
mRNA: U A C C U G A U C
tRNA: A U G G A C U A G
met, asp, stop