Cardiac Physiology
This heart layer is responsible for contraction and cardiac output.
What is the myocardium?
This rhythm is irregularly irregular and has no identifiable P waves.
What is atrial fibrillation?
Heart failure with EF <40% caused by weak ventricular contraction.
What is HFrEF (systolic heart failure)?
This medication should be given immediately to patients with suspected MI.
What is aspirin?
Blood pressure threshold used to diagnose hypertension.
What is 130/80 mmHg or higher?
This formula determines cardiac output.
What is CO = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate?
This rhythm shows a saw-tooth pattern and atrial rate 200–400 bpm.
What is atrial flutter?
Heart failure with preserved EF caused by stiff ventricles.
What is HFpEF (diastolic heart failure)?
Complete coronary occlusion that produces ST elevation.
What is a STEMI?
Hormonal system responsible for sodium and water retention in hypertension.
What is the RAAS system?
This node is the primary pacemaker of the heart with an intrinsic rate of 60–100 bpm.
What is the SA node?
Three or more PVCs in a row with wide QRS complexes.
What is ventricular tachycardia?
Hormonal system activated when kidneys sense low perfusion in HF.
What is the RAAS system?
Heart attack with elevated troponin but no ST elevation.
What is NSTEMI?
ACE inhibitor side effect that commonly leads patients to switch to ARBs.
What is a dry cough?
Stretch of ventricular muscle at end-diastole that affects stroke volume.
What is preload?
Chaotic rhythm with no organized QRS complexes and no cardiac output.
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Hormone released when ventricles stretch that helps diagnose HF.
What is BNP?
Time goal for PCI after hospital arrival in STEMI patients.
What is 90 minutes (door-to-balloon time)?
Hypertensive emergency is defined as BP >180/120 with this.
What is target organ damage?
Resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
What is afterload?
Flatline rhythm treated with CPR and epinephrine but not defibrillation.
What is asystole?
Emergency HF complication characterized by pink frothy sputum and severe dyspnea.
What is pulmonary edema?
The most common lethal arrhythmia immediately after MI.
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Lifestyle diet recommended for hypertension.
What is the DASH diet?