DEFINITIONS
What is speaking?
Speaking is the process of building and sharing meaning using verbal and non-verbal symbols.
What is Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)?
This method focuses on real-life communication and interaction.
What is paraphrasing?
A learner says, “It’s a kind of machine that cleans the floor,” instead of using the word “vacuum cleaner.”
What is an information gap activity?
An activity where each learner holds different information and must communicate to complete a shared task
What is preparation?
Allowing students time to plan what and how they will speak before performing a task reflects this principle.
What is fluency?
Speaking smoothly without hesitation
What is the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)?
This method uses repetition and drills to form habits.
What is interrupting?
Expressions like “Sorry to interrupt, but…” are used to manage this conversational function.
What is a debate?
An activity in which students defend opposing viewpoints on a controversial topic before voting on the strongest argument.
What is balancing fluency and accuracy?
Correcting errors after a speaking activity rather than interrupting communication reflects balancing this teaching priority
What is accuracy?
Correct grammar and pronunciation in speech.
What is Total Physical Response (TPR)?
This method combines language with physical movement
What are repair strategies?
Repeating part of a sentence until communication breaks down is an example of this survival technique
What is a role play?
Acting out real-life scenarios such as ordering food or attending a job interview represents this activity type
What is having a real reason for speaking?
Designing tasks that require learners to communicate information others do not know ensures this essential communicative element.
What is the transactional function?
Speaking used to exchange information (e.g., buying tickets).
In what kind of method The teacher acts mainly as a facilitator while students engage in authentic pair and group communication.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT
What are fillers?
Using “well…,” “you know…,” or “I mean…” to gain thinking time demonstrates this strategy.
What is a consensus discussion activity?
Students individually choose items, negotiate in pairs, and finally agree on a shared list as a group.
What is the bottom-up approach?
Beginning with vocabulary and grammatical units before expanding into full speech represents this instructional approach.
What is the interpersonal function?
Speaking used to maintain social relationships.
What is Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)?
Students learn subject content such as geography or science while simultaneously developing academic speaking skills in English.
What is discourse competence?
The ability to manage turn-taking, topic shifts, and closings belongs to this broader conversational competence.
What is a problem-solving activity?
Learners redesign a zoo layout while considering restrictions and persuading group members to accept their ideas.
What is the top-down approach?
Using model texts or dialogues as a foundation for developing learners’ speech represents this instructional approach.