Cardiovascular
Normal Heart Rate
<60= Bradycardia
>100= Tachycardia
Order of abdominal assessment?
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Importance: We auscultate before palpation to avoid stimulating bowel sounds.
What are hormones?
Protein messengers, they bind to receptor sites in the body and trigger events.
What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?
The CNS is the control center containing the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is all connections to and from the spinal cord.
What is a Normal Respiratory Rate?
12-20
<10=Bradypnea
>24=Tachypnea
______ carry blood to the heart while _____ carry blood away from the heart.
VEINS carry blood to the heart while ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart
Movement of food through the GI system via rhythmic contractions is known as?
Peristalsis
What organ is largely involved in the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus?
The Pancreas
What lobe of the brain largely controls personality?
Frontal Lobe
What gas plays a large part in stimulating breathing?
CO2
Normal Capillary refill is?
<3 seconds
What is an Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic solution?
Isotonic solution: causes no large fluid shift in the body
Hypotonic: Causes cells to retain water
Hypertonic: Causes cells to lose water
Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 1: Body destroys pancreas, almost no insulin produced.
Type 2: Usually develops later in life, pancreas tires out.
What lobe of the brain largely interprets sound?
Temporal Lobe
Function of alveoli?
Site of gas exchange
Normal Pulse amplitude is?
+2 is a normal pulse amplitude with a +1 being thready and +3 bounding.
The most obvious change when it comes to hypo or hypernatremia is a change in ___?
Level of Consciousness be it irritability, altered state, or somnolence.
Function of insulin and glucagon in controlling blood glucose.
Insulin: Acts as "key" to cells and binds to let glucose in. Lowers blood sugar.
Glucagon: Tells liver to breakdown stored sugar in the form of glycogen. Raises blood sugar.
What lobe of the brain largely interprets vision?
Occipital Lobe
What SpO2 reading is expected in a client with COPD?
Minimum of 88-92%
Significance: With an unaffected client those readings may cause you to employ supplemental oxygen. COPD causes a prolonged progressive increase in CO2. The body eventually gets used to this hypercapnic state and requires it to stimulate breathing (almost like building a tolerance). Applying supplemental oxygen when not needed can decrease the drive to breathe.
Complete blood flow from Inferior/Superior vena cava to the aorta, including Valves.
IVC/SVC --> RA --> Tricuspid Valve --> RV
RV--> Pulmonary Valve --> Pulmonary Arteries
PA --> Lungs --> Pulmonary Veins --> LA
LA --> Mitral Valve --> LV --> Aortic Valve --> Aorta
What is mostly absorbed in the Large Intestine?
Water and electrolytes
Importance: decreased peristalsis causes food to sit longer in the large Intestine and more liquid gets pulled out creating a more solid harder to pass stool.
Negative feedback Loop vs Positive Feedback Loop
Negative: Original stimulus counteracted. (Ex-blood sugar low, body reacts in an attempt to raise blood sugar)
Positive: Body works to increase initial stimulus (Ex: blood clotting or contractions).
What are the 12 Cranial Nerves?
1.Olfactory 2.Optic 3.Occulomotor 4.Trochlear
5.Trigeminal 6.Abducens 7.Facial 8.Auditory
9.Glossopharyngeal 10.Vagus 11.Spinal Accessory
12.Hypoglossal
What would a blood test show with Respiratory Acidosis?
pH: Low
CO2: High