#1
What are some examples of ceramic materials?
Porcelain, china, and glass.
What are insulators?
Do not allow heat or electrical energy to go through.
Will fast or slow cooling form large crystals?
Slow cooling as the molecules will have time to form a lattice.
What is a composite material?
Material that is formed from the combination of two or more materials (ex. metals, ceramics, and polymers).
- They are not chemically combined though.
Name the polymer formed from ethene.
Polyethene.
- When naming polymers, always add "poly" to the front.
Most important reason for recycling materials is...?
It saves energy.
Some reactions are endothermic. What does it mean?
The reaction absorbs energy (and surroundings become cooler).
Some reactions are exothermic. What does this mean?
Reaction releases energy into the surroundings (and surroundings become warmer).
What are biodegradable materials?
Biodegradable materials = can break down.
What are non-biodegradable materials?
Materials that don't break down in the environment/soil (or take a long time to break down in the environment).
Why does increase in carbon dioxide affect the greenhouse effect?
Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
How do landfill sites usually deal with waste materials?
The spread waste throughout the landfill site or bury it on the ground.
How to reduce amount of carbon dioxide in the air?
- Burn less fossil fuels
- Carbon capture technology.
What is carbon capture technology?
Carbon capture involves removing carbon dioxide from waste gasses in power stations and storing them underground.
When materials are made, toxins can be released into bodies of water. What is biomagnification?
Biomagnification = when toxins increase up the food chain and build up in organisms at the top of the food chain (thus harming them).
What is the problem with carbon monoxide?
Binds to hemoglobin (protein found in red blood cells) that oxygen usually binds to.
- Makes it difficult to transport oxygen around the body.
What are catalytic converters?
They are found in cars and they convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide.
- Carbon monoxide is considered more harmful than carbon dioxide.
Why are aggregates added to concrete?
To give it strength.
Lattice structures are often found in ceramics. What is a lattice structure?
Which ceramic does not have a lattice structure?
Lattice Structure = large number of atoms in a fixed regular pattern all joined to each other by strong bonds.
- Glass does not have a lattice structure.
What is the name of the reaction by which synthetic polymers are made?
Addition polymerisation reactions.
How does the combustion of fossil fuels cause acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide (pollutants) will be released into the air and dissolve in the clouds. When it rains, nitric acid and sulfuric acid will fall (acid rain).
What is the difference between incomplete and complete combustion? What products form?
Complete combustion = have enough oxygen
- We produce carbon dioxide and water.
Incomplete combustion = not enough oxygen
- We produce carbon monoxide, carbon (soot), and water.
What is vulcanisation?
Reaction where rubber is heated with sulfur and rubber forms cross-links.
- The cross-links make rubber much harder/tougher and stop its properties from changing with temperature.
- The rubber is now elastic (can go back to its original shape).
**Rubber before vulcanisation was plastic = material that keeps its new shape.
What is a polymer?
Large molecule made from many repeating subunits (monomer).
During thermal decomposition, calcium carbonate (limestone) will become calcium oxide (lime). What is thermal decomposition?
Thermal decomposition = using heat to break down compounds.