Renaissance, Reformation, and Science
A cultural rebirth in Europe that emphasized humanism, classical learning, and artistic achievement
The Renaissance
This philosopher argued that people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property
John Locke
This radical phase of the French Revolution, led by Robespierre, involved mass executions
Reign of Terror
The country where the Industrial Revolution began
Great Britain
Factory workers in the early 1800s often faced these harsh conditions
Long hours, low pay, and unsafe environments
This invention allowed ideas like Martin Luther’s 95 Theses to spread rapidly
Printing Press
Fundamental principle of government where the ultimate authority and legitimacy of a government derive from the consent of the people it governs
Popular Sovereignty
He led the Haitian Revolution and fought to end slavery and French colonial rule
Toussaint Louverture
The vital resource that helped Britain industrialize first
Coal
This economic system promotes private ownership and profit, supported by Adam Smith
Capitalism
This movement encouraged experimentation and observation instead of religious dogma to explain nature
Scientific Revolution
This philosopher promoted the concept of a social contract and his ideas about human nature
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
This 1789 event symbolized the start of the French Revolution
Storming of the Bastille
This coal-powered invention transformed transportation during the Industrial Revolution
Steam Engine
An economic system in which the community or state controls production for equality
Socialism
This monk criticized the Catholic Church’s sale of indulgences in the 95 Theses
Martin Luther
These social gatherings helped Enlightenment thinkers debate and spread new ideas
Salons
This 1815 meeting aimed to restore monarchies and balance power in post-Napoleonic Europe
Congress of Vienna
The migration of people into cities for factory work
Urbanization
This revolutionary thinker believed that class struggle would lead to a workers' revolution
Karl Marx
The theory that the Earth revolves around the sun, challenging the Church’s geocentric view
Heliocentric Theory
The belief in human potential that helped inspire the Enlightenment’s focus on reason and rights
Humanism
This social class of European-descended elites led many Latin American Revolutions
Creoles
A system where production moved from homes to machine-powered factories
Factory System
These actions improved industrial working conditions, including child labor laws and factory reforms
Labor reforms or union efforts