Chapter 1
What is the difference between a vector quantity and a scalar quantity?
A vector quantity is described with magnitude and direction, whereas a scalar quantity is only described with magnitude.
A force
A push or a pull on an object, or an action capable of accelerating an object
Momentum and Impulse
Momentum: directly proportional to mass and velocity
Impulse: causes a change in momentum
Work
Something that is done on an object when the object moves in the same direction in which the force is exerted
Free Body Diagram
A diagram which shows all the forces acting on an object
Acceleration and speed
Acceleration involves both change in direction, change in speed, or both; speed is how fast an object is moving
Inertia
The tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest or of uniform velocity in a straight line
Law of Conservation of Momentum
In the absence of an external force, the momentum of a system remains unchanged
Power
The rate at which work is done
Weight VS. Mass
Weight: The force or pull of gravity acting on an object
Mass: The property of an object itself
What is the difference between distance and displacement?
Distance is the total amount an object traveled, whereas displacement is the change in position of an object
Newton's Laws of Motion
Law 1: An object at rest/in motion stays at rest/in motion unless acted on by an outside force
Law 2: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and is inversely proportional to the object's mass
Law 3: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction; every force has an equal and opposite force
Elastic Collisions
The colliding objects rebound without lasting deformation or the generation of heat; momentum is conserved
Kinetic Energy
Energy due to an object's motion
Deceleration
When an object is slowing down, or the velocity is decreasing over time
Constant velocity
An object traveling in a straight line at a constant speed
The Normal Force and Friction Force
The Normal Force: Contact force is perpendicular to the common surface of contact
Friction Force: A force that is opposite the direction of the object's motion
Inelastic Collisions
The colliding objects become entangled, or stick together during the collision; momentum is conserved
Potential Energy
Energy due to an object's position
Mechanical Energy
The energy of moving things
Linear motion
Objects that move without rotation in a straight line path
Tension Force and Air Resistance
Tension Force: When a cord or string pulls on an object
Air Resistance: Friction created in the atmosphere when an object moves through it
Explosions
When two objects move away from each other in opposite directions after initially starting at rest; momentum is conserved
Gravitational Potential Energy and Elastic Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential: Energy due to an object's height
Elastic Potential: Energy due to how much an object is being stretched or pressed
List all the scalar quantities and vector quantities we have learned so far
Scalar: Distance, speed, acceleration, work, power, energy
Vector: Displacement, velocity, momentum