Sociological Theory applied to equal opportunities
Under represented groups in sport
Benefits of raising participation
Pre-industrial
Industrial and post-industrial
100
Social stratification is...?
Social stratification is a type of social inequality / division associated to characteristics of wealth or status
100
How would you describe what is meant by prejudice?
A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
100
State two social benefits to an individual of increasing their participation in physical activity and/or sport.
- Happier / more positive outlook on life makes you more approachable to others
- Improved confidence / self-esteem in the company of others
- Improved communication skills / ability to work with others
- Meet new people / form friendships with people with similar interests
100
Real tennis was played in pre-industrial Britain (pre-1780).
Identify three characteristics of real tennis.
• Played by the upper classes / civilised (1)
• Complex rules / strategy / skilful (1)
• Specialised kit and equipment / facilities (1)
• Played by men (1)
• High moral code (1)
100
How would you define urbanisation?
The movement from an industrial society to an agricultural society
200
Society...what do we mean by society?
Organised group of people associated for some specific purpose / with shared interests
200
Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports, based on assumptions about them. What is this an example of?
Channelling
200
Explain one physical health benefit to an individual who has increased their level of physical activity.
Increased bone density (through regular weight bearing exercise) (1) (AO3) will reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life (1).
(AO1) Increased physical fitness / cardiovascular endurance / reduction in blood pressure / reduction in cholesterol / achieving a healthy body weight / achieve correct blood glucose levels (through aerobic exercise) (1) (AO3) will reduce the risk of a heart attack / heart disease / stroke / type 2 diabetes (1).
(AO1) Increased joint flexibility (through stretching exercises / activities) (1) (AO3) will reduce the risk of arthritis / will maintain joint mobility in later life (1).
200
Explain two characteristics of pre-industrial football.
• Played occasionally/holy days (1) because no other time available to play sport (1)
• No clear division of labour/little strategy (1) as not yet rationalised (1)
• No pitch/common land between villages used (1) because minimal equipment and facilities available (1)
• Locally based (1) as poor transport/communication (1)
200
Outline one positive benefit for factories developing football teams in the post-industrial society.
• Increased health and fitness of workers
• Better workers due to increased moral
• More disciplined workforce
300
There are two types of socialisation...what are these and can you define them?
Primary - during early years / childhood - mainly within (immediate) family
Secondary - during the later years / e.g. as teenagers and adults
300
Explain three barriers that disabled athletes face in sport.
Barriers to participation include; lack of facilities, funding, specialist coaches, specialist equipment, location, role models.
300
Identify three characteristics of swimming that might make it a preferred activity for women
• No physical contact
• Can be pursued non-competitively/ self paced
• Considered a suitable/appropriate activity to develop fitness/toning/equiv
• Can be pursued in an all female environment
• No requirement to join a club/team/individual activity
• Family friendly/can do with children
• Flexible time opportunities
300
Explain how the two-tier class system influenced the nature of sporting recreation in pre-industrial society.
The class system determined an individual’s status, (1)and therefore the type of activity that would be appropriate for them to engage in (1).
The upper class / gentry would participate in real tennis / rational recreation (1) because they had the land / more time / money / facilities / could afford equipment / were educated so could understand the rules (1).
The lower class / peasants would play mob football / popular recreation (1) because this reflected their harsh living conditions / they did not have access to land and resources enjoyed by the gentry / were illiterate and so could not understand rules (1).
(Different classes had different roles within the same activity) upper class would wager on lower class in activities such as pedestrian activities (1) because upper class had money / was form of entertainment / for high status (1).
300
Explain how the church encouraged the post-industrial game of football.
• Gave facilities such as church land and halls (1) therefore providing a place for people to play (1).
• Established social activities to increase opportunity to play (1), eg Sunday school teams like Aston Villa (1)
• Clergy were ‘old boys’ of public schools (1) who encouraged parishioners to play football (1)
• They established youth sections of the church (1), eg Boys Brigade/Scouts/Muscular Christianity which encouraged parishioners to play football (1)
400
What is the difference between socail control and social issues?
Social control: Regulating people's thoughts / feelings / appearance / behaviour
Social issues: Problems affecting people within a society
400
Identify three possible solutions that could help to increase participation rates of the under-represented ethnic groups.
Training more ethnic minority coaches and teachers
Setting up more clubs/competitions
Highlight more ethnic role models/ advertisement/media in sport
Education on less stereotyping / discrimination
Punish any discrimination or racist acts
Organise campaigns against racism
Ensure PE provision inspires and motivates all ethnicities
400
Describe the benefits of participation in sporting activities for people with disabilities.
• Increased self esteem / confidence
• Challenge / develop new skills / achievement
• Health / physical development
• Active role in society
• Less ‘them and us’ attitude / public awareness and acceptance of disability sport / reduce stereotypes
• Inclusion/integration into society
• More participation - higher standards reached / role models
• Allows them to be competitive / can be a spectator / increase knowledge in specialised coaching
400
Explain how social and cultural factors influenced the characteristics of popular recreation in pre-industrial (pre-1780) Britain.
• Limited transport or communications - local
• Illiteracy / uneducated - uncodified / simple rules / limited organisation
• Reflection of life and times / harsh society - cruel / violent
• Seasonal time / free time on Holy Days or annual holidays - occasional / festival
• Before industrial revolution / before migration to towns / population - centred on village or county town life / rural
• Two class society / feudal system - courtly and popular / upper / gentry class activities and lower or peasant class activities
400
Give 4 ways in which the 19th century public schools contributed to the technical development of ‘rational recreation’.
Rules / numbers / boundaries / facilities;
Inter-house / intra-school competitions / matches;
Training / coaching;
Skills / tactics / positions;
Leadership / captain;
Kit / equipment;
Introduction of officials;
Division between players and spectators.
500
Describe four social benefits of increased participation in physical activities.
- Raised levels of chemicals such as serotonin and endorphins
- Have calming effect / help person to feel happier/better about themselves
- Improved sleep patterns result from participation in regular exercise
- Feel better / better mood
- Improve skills of concentration / clearer focus on social relationships
- Increased confidence/ self-esteem
- Meet new people / friendships / relationships
500
How can campaigns such as ‘This Girl Can’ might overcome barriers to female participation in sport
Barriers to female participation may include:
• Lack of clubs; competitions; coaches; role models; media coverage; funding; accessibility
• Stereotyping / discrimination / low self-esteem / sexism
500
Describe four of the fitness benefits of increased participation in physical activities.
• Improved posture
• Improved body shape / body tone as a result of weight loss/ improved body composition
• Improved cardiovascular fitness
• Improved muscular strength / muscular endurance
• Improved flexibility
• Improved agility / balance / co-ordination
• Improved speed / power
• Improved reaction time
500
Describe the ways in which real tennis was different from most other popular recreations.
• Courtly / played by upper class / gentry
• Written / complex rules / organised
• Not cruel / violent / had etiquette / cultured / skilful
• Played often / regularly
• Purpose built facilities / equipment
• Not local / transport available / travel
500
How did 19th century public schools and universities help to spread rational recreation into wider society? Give at least 3 ways.
Universities as ‘melting pots’ / lots of different types / styles of game / new sports;
Codification / rules standardised;
Provided facilities;
Factory / church teams;
Officers to troops;
British Empire – over the world / missionaries / diplomats / military / clerics;
Old boys network;
Clubs / NGBs formed;
Teachers to schools;
Competitions / fixtures / leagues / internationals.