Think Again!
The Scientific Approach
How We Know What We Know
The Experiment
Making Connections
100
The tendency to think we know more than we actually do.
What is overconfidence?
100
The first step of the scientific method, it's an observation that prompts a question.
What is identifying a problem or question?
100
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
What is a case study?
100
In an experiment, this is the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
What is the independent variable (IV)?
100
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
What is correlation?
200
Also known as the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon, it's the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that you would have foreseen it
What is hindsight bias?
200
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
What is a hypothesis?
200
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
What is naturalistic observation?
200
An inert substance or condition that is administered instead of a presumed active agent, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent.
What is a placebo?
200
As the number of hours a student studies increases, their test scores tend to increase. This is an example of this type of correlation.
What is a positive correlation?
300
Thinking that doesn't blindly accept arguments and conclusions, but instead examines assumptions, appraises the source, and assesses conclusions
What is critical thinking?
300
The four goals of basic research are to describe, explain, predict, and do this.
What is to control (or influence) behavior?
300
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative sample.
What is a survey?
300
In this type of study, the participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental group or the control group.
What is a single-blind study?
300
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This graph is used to represent the relationship between two variables.
What is a scatterplot?
400
When our natural thinking style leads us to find order in random events, we might see a face on Mars or a religious figure in a piece of toast.
What is perceiving order in random events?
400
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends.
What is replication?
400
In this type of sample, every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating.
What is a random sample?
400
The outcome factor in an experiment; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
What is the dependent variable (DV)?
400
A statistical index of the relationship between two things, represented by the variable r.
What is the correlation coefficient?
500
Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and perceiving order in random events often lead us to overestimate this faculty.
What is our intuition?
500
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study, allowing for replication.
What is an operational definition?
500
A research method in which the same group of people is restudied and retested over a long period.
What is the longitudinal method?
500
A study in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
What is a double-blind study?
500
The observation that children who watch more violent TV tend to be more aggressive does not mean that watching violent TV causes aggression due to this principle.
What is "correlation does not imply causation"?