Definitions
Give a definition of least to most prompting.
Allowing the learner to attempt a task and when the learner does not respond successfully the instructor begins with the least invasive prompt and moves up through more invasive prompts until the target behavior is achieved (Libby et al., 2008).
Give an example of most to least prompting.
Teaching a child to put on their coat using hand over hand prompting, then to model prompting, then verbal instructions.
Holding two balls out of different colors, a teacher says "which one is red?" while waving the red one slightly.
Stimulus prompts.
What must be done in order for the individual to complete the target behavior or skill independently?
Prompt fading must eventually occur for the client to be independent (Cowan et al., 2022).
Give a definition of stimulus prompts.
An added stimulus to the teaching stimulus that promotes the individual to correctly engage in the target behavior (Schreibman et al., 1982).
Give an example of least to most prompting.
Teaching a child to tie their shoes by first telling them what to do. If this is not effective, then modeling how to tie a shoe. If this is ineffective then physically prompting using hand over hand.
An RBT is teaching their client to brush their teeth. The RBT uses hand over hand prompting to do so. Once the child achieves this skill, they model on their teeth the areas to brush. Once the client is successful with this, the RBT verbally tells the client the steps of brushing teeth. The client is now brushing their teeth independently.
Most to least prompting.
Which type of prompting should be used when you have seen the individual engage in the behavior before?
Least to most prompting should be implemented when completely a task you know the client has previously done independently (Cowan et al., 2022).
Give a definition of most to least prompting.
Prompting that occurs with the most invasive prompt, typically a physical prompt (Severtson & Carr, 2012).
Give 3 examples of stimulus prompts.
Positional prompt, redundancy prompt, movement/gestural prompts.
During music rehearsal a music student is struggling to correctly sing their solo for a choral piece. The music instructor looks at their music and sings it for the student. The student then correctly sings the solo.
Response prompt (modeling).
Which type of prompting is associated with fewer errors during learning?
Fewer errors during learning are associated with most to least prompting procedures (Libby et al. 2008).
Give a definition of response prompts.
A prompt administered by an instructor to the individual that occurs after the instruction or SD which encourages the individual to engage in the target behavior (Demchak, 1990; Cowan et al, 2022).
Give 3 examples of response prompts.
Verbal prompts, physical guidance, model prompts.
A child is learning how to eat spaghetti with a fork and when presented with a fork and food they look to their nanny for help. The nanny first tells them to pick up the fork and stick it in the food. The child does this but is unsuccessful with swirling the noodles on the fork. The nanny shows them how to do this on their own plate. The child struggles for a few seconds and the nanny hand-over-hand prompts the child to turn the fork to get noodles on it.
Least to most.
Which prompting procedure should be utilized when teaching a new skill to a learner that frequently makes errors before prompts are delivered?
Most to least prompting should be utilized when the learner has slow acquisition or when the learner tends to error before prompts are delivered (Cowan et al., 2022).