DNA and RNA Structures
The nucleus is the control center of
the cell and is responsible for:
Metabolism and Inheritance
define transgene, transgenic, and transgenesis
Transgene – genes which belong to another species
Transgenic – an organism whose genome contains DNA from another species
Transgenesis – the process of inserting foreign DNA into an organism
define meiosis
Meiosis is the cell division which forms gametes.
define enzymes
Enzymes are globular proteins which act as biological catalysts for many reactions within the cell
define mutation
A mutation is a sudden, permanent change in the DNA nucleotide base sequence of an organism.
where are the DNA and RNA found in the cell?
the nucleus
what are the basic techniques for a transgenic organism?
Isolation of the foreign DNA fragment to be inserted;
Joining the DNA with a vector to transport it; and
Transfer of the recombinant DNA into a suitable host.
what is the purpose of meiosis
To produce gametes which have half the number of chromosomes as body
cells.
define catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which can speed up a reaction without becoming a product.
how do mutations occur
Mutations occur spontaneously throughout the lifespan of all organisms.
what are the types of RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
what is the purpose of gene cloning?
it is to make many copies of a gene to study and/or manipulate it.
how many chromosomes are found in a gamete
23 chromosomes
difference between anabolic and catabolic enzymes
Anabolic enzymes take small molecules and build larger ones, whereas catabolic enzymes take large molecules and break them into smaller ones.
name two mutagens
Some drugs, alcohol, some viruses, ionizing radiation, UV light
define gene
A discrete section of DNA which is the unit of inheritance
what are the main types of vector used in genetic engineering?
plasmids and viruses
how many chromosomes are in a human lung cell, ovary cell and sperm cell?
lung cell(46 chromosomes)
sperm cell(23 chromosomes)
ovary cell(46 chromosomes)
true or false:
The induced fit model suggests that the enzyme temporarily changes
shape to allow the substrate to fit.
False
what are the levels genetic mutations can occur in?
Gene structure (point mutations)
Chromosomal structure (block mutations)
Chromosome number (polyploidy and aneuploidy)
Name the two regions/sections found in a gene of eukaryotic DNA?
Introns – non-coding regions of DNA
Exons – coding/expressed regions of DNA
what are the steps in making recombinant DNA
cutting DNA into small fragments and inserting it into another organism of the same or a different species.
what happens in prophase I?
The chromosomes condense and line up together in pairs.
Describe how cofactors work to enable an enzyme-substrate complex to form?
Cofactors bind to the active site of the enzyme and assist with the reaction.
Distinguish between somatic and germline mutations?
Somatic mutations occur in body cells and cannot be passed on/inherited while germline or gametic mutations occur in the gametes and can be inherited.