Slavery
This term refers to the forced labor of people who were owned by others and had extremely restricted lives.
What is slavery?
This separation of racial groups shaped community dynamics and also led to increased police presence and enforcement in predominantly minority neighborhoods.
This term describes where people are incarcerated at rates significantly higher than in other countries, often linked to social and economic disparities.
What is the mass incarceration?
This practice involves law enforcement officers using excessive force, often leading to public outcry and demands for accountability.
What is police brutality?
This term describes how systems like housing, education, and law work together to maintain racial inequality, affecting the population as a whole.
What is the Structural Racism?
This theory suggests that the wealth of the early U.S. was not just built on labor, but on the commodification of Black people as capital and property.
What is the Racial Capitalism?
A system of laws, policies, and customs that racially segregated people in the United States, mainly in the South from late 19th to mid 20th century.
What is Jim Crow Segregation?
A law passed in 1994 which increased prison sentences for repeat offenders on their crime.
What is "Three Strike Law"?
What is racial profiling?
By revealing a persistent and consistent pattern of discrimination against communities of color, historians study this "legacy" to explain the roots of modern policing, which is deeply embedded in racism.
What is the Legacy of Slavery?
This Virginia law required that any enslaved person leaving their master's place without a certificate from their master receive twenty lashes.
What is the 1680 Virginia Slave Code?
This "scientific" movement fueled White Anglo-Saxon Protestants' fears of "race suicide," leading to the Immigration Act of 1924 which strictly limited non-Nordic entry.
What is Eugenics?
A government campaign in the 1970's which increased the enforcement on preventing illegal drug use and is one of the major contributors to the rise of prison population.
What is "War On Drugs"?
Statistics and data show that members of this particular racial group are 3 times more likely to be killed by police than white people.
Who are African Americans?
By concentrating patrols in historically redlined zones, policing naturally produces higher rates of stops and use of force against these two demographic groups.
Who are Black and Latino Americans?
This section of the U.S. Constitution mandated that people who escape their service/labor in one state must be sent to the original claimant.
What is the Fugitive Slave Clause?
A Berkeley police chief known as the "Father of Modern Policing," advocated for professionalization while also using eugenics to justify the policing of segregated neighborhoods.
Who is August Vollner?
The economic change caused many factories and jobs to disappear, which increased poverty, crime, and incarceration rates in certain communities?
What is De-industrialization?
Although the rate for straight women is much lower, women identifying as these two sexual orientations are arrested at a rate of 3,860 per 100,000.
Who are Lesbians and Bisexuals?
This concept explains how historical systems, like slave patrols, create a "path" that continues to shape issues like racial profiling today.
What is Path Dependency? (or What is Historical Continuity?)
In 1785, this municipal group was formed in Charleston to arrest vagrants, warn of fires, and, as one member put it, "keep down" the population.
What is the Guard & Watch?
To maintain segregation, a 20th-century police adopted militarized tactics, which is a term where colonial methods from abroad is returned to be used in homeland.
What is Imperial Boomerang?
This theory argues that Mass Incarceration is the modern evolution of an economic system that treats racialized people as commodities for profit, through labor or prison contracts.
What is Racial Capitalism?
Indicating a low rate of upheld misconduct complaints, this U.S. State has a police accountability score of only 4%.
What is California?
This modern system is called "Neo-Mass Incarceration" because it uses private-prison profit models and labor loopholes to manage non-citizen populations.
What is Immigration Detention?