classical conditioning
Who created the theory of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Who created the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
A child learns not to touch a hot stove after he sees his sister burn her fingers. This is an example of:
a. modeling
b. observational learning
c. cognitive map
B. observational learning - learning by observing others
A British research team revealed that behaviors became habitual after approximately___ days.
66
A child receives a piece of chocolate after they've cleaned up their room.
Positive Reinforcement- increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus.
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
Prosocial behavior
Two forms of associative learning are ______ ________ in which the organism associates two or more stimuli and ________ ________ in which the organism associates a response and a consequence.
Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning
John is allowed to stop doing additional chores if homework is done on time. This is an example of
Negative Reinforcement- strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative.
Reinforces punctuality
Removes: additional chores
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
cognitive map
A dog learned to associate the tone of a bell with food which triggered salivation. Identify the neutral stimulus (NS), the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the unconditioned response (UR) during conditioning.
Neutral Stimulus: Tone of Bell - a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus: Food- a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an Unconditioned Response
Unconditioned Response: Salivation- A naturally occurring response to an Unconditioned Stimulus
After conditioning the Bell is the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and the Salivation is the Conditioned response (CR)
A sandwich shop rewards you with a free sandwich after every 10 purchased. This is an example of
Fixed-ratio schedules- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
The brain has ______ _________that enable empathy and imitation.
Ex: Sarah yawned after she saw John yawn.
mirror neurons- frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform certain actions or observe other individuals doing these actions.
A toddler who learned to fear moving cars also became afraid of moving trucks and motorcycles. This is an example of:
Generalization- occurs after classical conditioning, when responses learned in one situation occur in other similar situations
Sarah doesn't read her book until a few days before the exam. After she completes her exam, she doesn't read her book again until a few days before the next exam date approaches. This is an example of
Fixed-interval schedules- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
A child watches an adult hit, kick, and throw around an inflatable clown for ten minutes. The child is then taken into another room filled with toys but he's told that he's not allowed to play with them. The frustrated child is sent back into the room where the inflatable clown was placed. He's left alone and the child starts hitting, kicking, and throwing around the inflatable clown. What is this process called? Who created this experiment?
Modeling- the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Albert Bandura