Unit9: 自由主義
The liberal story celebrates the value and power of liberty. The liberal story says that for thousands of years humankind lived under dominating systems which allowed people (f ) political rights, economic opportunities or personal liberties, and which heavily restricted the (m ) of individuals, ideas and goods. But people fought ( ) their freedom, and step by step, liberty (m ) progress. Democratic systems took the ( ) of (b ) dictatorships. Free enterprise overcame economic (r ).
The liberal story celebrates the value and power of liberty. The liberal story says that for thousands of years humankind lived under dominating systems which allowed people (few) political rights, economic opportunities or personal liberties, and which heavily restricted the (movements) of individuals, ideas and goods. But people fought (for) their freedom, and step by step, liberty (made) progress. Democratic systems took the (place) of (brutal) dictatorships. Free enterprise overcame economic (restrictions).
Our research ( ) date indicates that subliminal messages hold (s ) over our behavior in the same way as these environmental (c ) do. To test the (p ) of everyday hidden persuaders, in 2005 Rob Holland and his colleagues at Radboud (d ) a clever experiment. The team asked 56 students to list five activities they hoped to (u ) during the next few days. Half of the participants encountered the citrus smell of an all-(p ) cleaner in the lab, whereas the other half worked in a scent-free room.
Our research (to) date indicates that subliminal messages hold (sway) over our behavior in the same way as these environmental (cues) do. To test the (potency) of everyday hidden persuaders, in 2005 Rob Holland and his colleagues at Radboud (devised) a clever experiment. The team asked 56 students to list five activities they hoped to (undertake) during the next few days. Half of the participants encountered the citrus smell of an all-(purpose) cleaner in the lab, whereas the other half worked in a scent-free room.
「どうしてテストに失敗したの？作文の問題にはちゃんと[適切に]答えた？」[2023千葉大・前期]
( ) ( ) you failed the test? Did you answer the essay question (p )?
(How) (come) you failed the test? Did you answer the essay question (properly)?
「司祭がいなくなると、宗教儀式を執り行う責任を負った都市の行政官たちは、首尾一貫した教義よりも華やかさや見せ場を重視するようになった。」[2017早稲田大・文]
Without (p ), the city magistrates, who became (r ) for conducting religious (r ), cared more for splendor and spectacle than for (c ) doctrine.
Without (priests), the city magistrates, who became (responsible) for conducting religious (rituals), cared more for splendor and spectacle than for (coherent) doctrine.
People (l ) to think ( ) themselves and follow their hearts, instead of passively (o ) close-minded priests and old traditions. Huge bridges and busy airports replaced walls and barbed-wire fences.
The liberal story (a ) that not all is well in the world, and that there are still many (h ) to overcome. Much of our planet is dominated by those with power, and even in the most liberal countries many citizens suffer from (p ), violence and domination.
People (learned) to think (for) themselves and follow their hearts, instead of passively (obeying) close-minded priests and old traditions. Huge bridges and busy airports replaced walls and barbed-wire fences.
The liberal story (acknowledges) that not all is well in the world, and that there are still many (hurdles) to overcome. Much of our planet is dominated by those with power, and even in the most liberal countries many citizens suffer from (poverty), violence and domination.
The first group did not report noticing any (o ). Even so, 36 percent of them wrote that they planned to clean their apartments. (B ) ( ) only 11 percent of the (s ) who worked in the odor-free setting considered cleaning. Holland and his colleagues concluded that the citrus scent had increased the (c ) (a ) of the goal of cleaning. They did not find out how many of the would-be cleaners completed the task, however.
The first group did not report noticing any (odor). Even so, 36 percent of them wrote that they planned to clean their apartments. (By) (comparison) only 11 percent of the (subjects) who worked in the odor-free setting considered cleaning. Holland and his colleagues concluded that the citrus scent had increased the (cognitive) (accessibility) of the goal of cleaning. They did not find out how many of the would-be cleaners completed the task, however.
「完璧主義は安定した人格特性であり、そのため変えることは難しい。」[2015広島大・前期]
Perfectionism is a (s ) (p ) trait and, as ( ), it is difficult to change.
Perfectionism is a (stable) (personality) trait and, as (such), it is difficult to change.
「「親しい」と「とても親しい」の境界が自分にはかなり曖昧に感じられたため、再び直接的な命令形を使わないことにした。」[2016東北大]
Since the (b ) between being close and very close seemed fairly (o ) to me, I decided not to use a straight imperative again.
Since the (boundary) between being close and very close seemed fairly (obscure) to me, I decided not to use a straight imperative again.
In the 1990s and 2000s this liberal story became a global focus. Many governments from Brazil to India (a ) liberal ideas in an (a ) to join the countries with longer liberal histories. Those (f ) to do so seemed like fossils from an ancient era. However, since the global financial crisis of 2008 people all over the world have become increasingly (d ) of the liberal story.
In the 1990s and 2000s this liberal story became a global focus. Many governments from Brazil to India (adopted) liberal ideas in an (attempt) to join the countries with longer liberal histories. Those (failing) to do so seemed like fossils from an ancient era. However, since the global financial crisis of 2008 people all over the world have become increasingly (doubtful) of the liberal story.
Those good intentions ( ) well have disappeared down the memory hole as soon as other, more (u ) (m ) - such as studying for exams - came to the fore. Indeed, such hints do not last long in our memory. Environmental triggers appear to be most potent in scenarios (w ) we can act ( ) them immediately, a fact that (m ) them useful in certain commercial settings.
Those good intentions (may) well have disappeared down the memory hole as soon as other, more (urgent) (matters) - such as studying for exams - came to the fore. Indeed, such hints do not last long in our memory. Environmental triggers appear to be most potent in scenarios (where) we can act (on) them immediately, a fact that (makes) them useful in certain commercial settings.
「言語は私たち人間にとってあまりに自然なものに思えるため、それが私たちだけのものであるという事実を受け入れるのは難しい。それは意識的に作られた人工的なものではなく、木が育ち鳥が歌うのと同じように事象の秩序の一部であるかのように感じられる。しかし、他のどの種もそれに類するものを持っているようには見えない。」[2021お茶女大・前期]
Language seems so natural to us humans that it's hard to ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) the fact that it is ours alone. It does not feel consciously (d ), artificial, but as much part of the order of things as trees growing or birds singing. But no other species seems to have anything like it.
Language seems so natural to us humans that it's hard to (come) (to) (terms) (with) the fact that it is ours alone. It does not feel consciously (devised), artificial, but as much part of the order of things as trees growing or birds singing. But no other species seems to have anything like it.
「プログラムや政策は、しばしば乾燥地帯の環境に体系的な損害を与え、それを持続可能に利用してきた多くの先住民を疎外してきた。」（2017・京都大）
programs and policies have often systematically damaged dryland environments and (m ) large numbers of (i ) peoples, many of (w ) had been using the land sustainably.
programs and policies have often systematically damaged dryland environments and (marginalized) large numbers of (indigenous) peoples, many of (whom) had been using the land sustainably.
(W ) a few years ago Americans and Europeans were still trying to liberalize Iraq and Libya (u ) military force, many people who live in smaller cities have now (c ) to see the liberal vision as either undesirable or unachievable. Some discovered that they liked the old ranking system of the world, and they just don’t want to give up their racial, national or gender (p ). Others have concluded (rightly or wrongly) that liberalization and globalization are a huge problem (g ) power to a tiny elite group ( ) the (e ) of the majority.
(Whereas) a few years ago Americans and Europeans were still trying to liberalize Iraq and Libya (using) military force, many people who live in smaller cities have now (come) to see the liberal vision as either undesirable or unachievable. Some discovered that they liked the old ranking system of the world, and they just don’t want to give up their racial, national or gender (privileges). Others have concluded (rightly or wrongly) that liberalization and globalization are a huge problem (giving) power to a tiny elite group (at) the (expense) of the majority.
(G ) such constraints, it is unlikely that television ads of this kind could ever (c ) consumers days later to buy one brand or another on a weekly shopping trip. In practice, subliminal messaging is far less potent or terrifying than it was first believed to ( ). It might even be put to good use. A (h ) of studies have shown that millisecond exposures to the words “angry” or “relax” can have definite, (i ) short-lived, effects on a person’s heart rate and blood pressure. Our subconscious (r ) many different kinds of suggestions, not just the ones advertisers may be aiming for.
(Given) such constraints, it is unlikely that television ads of this kind could ever (compel) consumers days later to buy one brand or another on a weekly shopping trip. In practice, subliminal messaging is far less potent or terrifying than it was first believed to (be). It might even be put to good use. A (handful) of studies have shown that millisecond exposures to the words “angry” or “relax” can have definite, (if) short-lived, effects on a person’s heart rate and blood pressure. Our subconscious (registers) many different kinds of suggestions, not just the ones advertisers may be aiming for.
「いわゆるオープンプランは、内部の間仕切り壁の建設が少なくて済むため、一般的に建設費が安く、19世紀に遡る住宅やアパートにも見られる。」[2020都立大・前期]
So-called open plans are generally less costly to build because they require construction of fewer interior partition walls, and they can be found in houses and apartments (d ) ( ) the nineteenth century.
So-called open plans are generally less costly to build because they require construction of fewer interior partition walls, and they can be found in houses and apartments (dating) (from) the nineteenth century.
「プログラムや政策は、しばしば乾燥地帯の環境に体系的な損害を与え、それを持続可能に利用してきた多くの先住民を疎外してきた。」（2017・京都大）
programs and policies have often systematically damaged dryland environments and (m ) large numbers of (i ) peoples, many of (w ) had been using the land sustainably.
programs and policies have often systematically damaged dryland environments and (marginalized) large numbers of (indigenous) peoples, many of (whom) had been using the land sustainably.
伊之助の名言「弱気なこと言ってんじゃねぇ！」を埋めよ。
Don't (d ) on such weak thoughts!
Don't (dwell) on such weak thoughts!