ABG Basics & Normal Values
Normal pH range.
What is 7.35–7.45?
pH 7.30 | HCO₃⁻ 15 | PaCO₂ 40
What is Metabolic Acidosis?
pH 7.28 | PaCO₂ 55 | HCO₃⁻ 24
What is Respiratory Acidosis?
Formula for anion gap.
What is Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻)?
Sodium level below 135 mEq/L.
What is Hyponatremia?
Normal PaCO₂ range.
What is 35–45 mm Hg?
Common cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis in diabetics.
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Hyperventilation causes what primary disorder?
What is Respiratory Alkalosis?
Normal anion gap range.
What is 8–12 mEq/L?
Serum potassium above 5.0 mEq/L.
What is Hyperkalemia?
Normal bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) range.
What is 22–26 mEq/L?
Persistent vomiting most commonly causes which acid-base imbalance?
What is Metabolic Alkalosis?
Opioid overdose most likely causes what imbalance?
What is Respiratory Acidosis?
High anion gap metabolic acidosis indicates what?
What is accumulation of unmeasured acids?
Trousseau and Chvostek signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
What is Hypocalcemia?
According to ROMA, respiratory disorders have pH and PaCO₂ moving in what relationship?
What is opposite directions?
In metabolic acidosis, potassium levels typically shift in which direction?
What is hyperkalemia (K⁺ shifts out of cells)?
PaCO₂ below 35 mm Hg indicates what acid-base direction?
What is alkalosis?
Name one cause from MUDPILES.
What is Methanol / Uremia / DKA / Lactic acidosis / etc.?
ECF expansion caused by sodium and water retention.
What is Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia)?
Which system regulates CO₂: lungs or kidneys?
What are the lungs?
Urine chloride <15 mEq/L suggests what type of metabolic alkalosis?
What is chloride-responsive (vomiting/NG suction)?
In acute respiratory acidosis, what happens to intracranial pressure?
What is increased ICP (feeling of fullness in head)?
In metabolic acidosis, how do the lungs compensate?
What is Kussmaul respirations (blow off CO₂)?
Isotonic IV solution safe for blood transfusion.
What is 0.9% Normal Saline?