AASP 200 Final Review

Egypt

100

How different is the Egyptian calendar from our own?

Our modern day calendar is a 365 day calendar, same as the Egyptians. 

200

How long has the Egyptian calendar been in use?

Was in use since 4236 BCE

300

Describe in the relationship between Nubia/Kush and Egypt. 

• Relationship of dependency:
• Egypt received its knowledge from Nubia and Kush
• By invading Nubia and Kush, Egypt also took slaves … gold… ivory, rubber

400

“Pax Egyptica” and the Ethiopian dynasty of Egypt: how do they differ from one another? Explain with details.

• Pax Egyptica: Peaceful period established all over Egypt by Tuthmosis III making Egypt the most peaceful place on earth during Tuthmosis III reign (1479-1526 BCE).

500

What proof do you have to show that Upper Egypt preceded Lower Egypt? Be detailed.

• The Discoveries found by Dr. Keith Seele or Dr. Seele’s excavations of Nubian cemetery 1963-64:
• Material evidence attest of the successive stages of civilization 
• They were protodynastic
• - Excavations of the Qostul cemetery in Nubia
  • -Nubian religious symbols
• Religious symbols: crown of the south on the head of a black pharaoh
• - Religious influence from Nubia. First Pharaoh Aha introduced Nubian god to Egypt

Important figures

100

Who ruled the 1st dynasty in Egypt? What did they do?

• 1st dynasty: Pharaoh Narmer or Aha
•  he unified both Upper and Lower Egypt.
• introduced Nubian god to Egypt

200

Pharoah Iknaton or Akhenaten is also known as?

Amenhotep IV before the 5th year of his reign. 

300

Who ruled the third dynasty and what did they do? Name at least three accomplishments. 

• 3rd dynasty: Pharaoh Zhoser or Djoser
• 
  
  • - Centralization of the monarchy was complete
  •             - All its technological and cultural elements were in place
  •             - Architecture in hewn stone: introduced by Pharaoh Zhoser or Djoser
  • - All technological elements for Egypt development were present

• - the king was free from any human control

• 
  
  • In Sciences:
  • - Math, Algebra, Medicine, Geometry, trigonometry (cf. Papyrus of Moscow)
  • - Cylinder tangential, irrational number (Rhind Papyrus)
  • - Calculation of the surface, surface of the circle: S=πR2
  • - Surface of the Sphere: S=4πR2
  • - Square root (Pythagoreum theorem), quadrature of the circle
  • - Surface of the rectangle: S=L x l (Rhind Papyrus), surface of the triangle

400

Who is referred to as the "Napoleon of Antiquity"?

Tuthmosis III during the 18th dynasty.

500

Who were the pharaohs of the 18th dynasty? Name one accomplishment from each. 

• 18th Dynasty: Pharaohs

(1) Amenhotep I

•                  Conquered - the entire western Asia
•                                     - All Aegean islands
•   Dominated the Mediterranean to the Fareast
• It was the African imperial era or Africa ruled the wor
• Or (2) Tuthmosis III, 1479-26 BCE        
• Referred to as the “Napoleon of Antiquity”
•             - Regarded as the greatest ruler of ancient Egypt
•             - Inaugurated the era of Egyptian imperialism
•             - A skilled warrior who brought Egypt to the its zenith of its power
•             - Conquered 111 states and made them part of Egypt:
•             - established:
•                         - gold as the basis of Egyptian wealth in foreign exchange
• or even (3) Pharaoh Iknaton (Akhenaten)
• Known as Amenhotep IV before the 5th year of his reign
• Amenhotep means Effective of Aten or Amun is satisfied.

      - Known as the world first prophet     

- Gave to the world the concept of monotheism by worshipping god Aten, represented by the sun disk

Dates

100

3200 BCE

Beginning of Egypt as an empire (started by Pharaoh Aha or Narmer)

200

690 AD

Destroyed Carthage

Changed the name to Tunis

Called the rest of N. Africa: Magrib (Arabic for West)

300

332 BCE

End of Egypt hegemony; sack of Alexandria city and destruction of the big library of Alexandria by Alexander the Great; Alexander the great instituted the Assimilation policy.

400

640 AD

Arabs attacked Egypt for the spread of Islam and one of the main reasons is the fertile land of Egypt.

- Set their capital at Cairo

 - Arab became the language

500

• “Napoleon of the antiquity” and Psamtik I: in which dynasties did they belong to and how different were they from each other? Name at least two differences. 

• Tuthmosis III, 18th dynasty, referred to as the “Napoleon of Antiquity”
• - Regarded as the greatest ruler of ancient Egypt
• - Inaugurated the era of Egyptian imperialism
• - A skilled warrior who brought Egypt to the its zenith of its power
•  - Conquered 111 states and made them part of Egypt:
• established:
• gold as the basis of Egyptian wealth in foreign exchange

Psamtik I  of the 26th dynasty

origin and established his capital at Sais

performed experiments to determine whether human beings have an innate capacity for speech

changed the makeup of Egyptian military by hiring mercenaries to defend Egypt

removed the last vestiges of the rule of the kings of Kush—the African kingdom south of Egypt

Nubia and Kush

100

What did Egypt take from Nubia & Kush when they invaded?

Slaves, gold, ivory, rubber.

200

What is the name of the two capitols that existed in Kush?

Napata and Meroe.

300

What did Kush produce in the 4th century BCE? And what script did it possess?

• Cotton producer and clothes by the 4th century B.C.E.
• It possessed a script known as the Meroitic script

400

Explain this statement: “Nubia and Kush were the envy of Egypt.”

• Nubia had a prosperous economy, agriculture, technology, cattle, which made Egypt jealous and engaged in raids accompanied with military expeditions, built forts and trading posts in Nubia and Kush land to expand its economy and control of these territories.

500

What do you know about the evolution of Kush capitals and why do they maintain them? Be detailed, name at least two reasons.

• Capital: Napata
• - Located in Upper Egypt
• - sacked around 592 BCE by Egypt, but remained the religious capital of Kush because  it was the  Ancestral homeland
• Egypt sustained attacks was the reason the political was moved south to
•  Meroe:
• Ancient world main gold producer and Iron working kingdom
• Craft production and pottery (done in urban area)
• Cotton producer and clothes by the 4th century B.C.E.

Religion

100

The Christian Calendar year is the equivalent to what of the Islamic calendar?

1 AH

200

Who gave the concept of monotheism to the world?

Pharaoh Iknaton (Akhenaten) 

300

What did 13th century King Lalibela accomplish?

• Constructed: - churches inside rocks                 
• 330 AD or CE: Conquest Kush
• 543 AD or CE: Built monasteries
• Translated bible into Ge’ez

400

Name the reasons for the Berbers conversion to Christianity AND the Berbers conversion to Islam. 

• A: the Berbers conversion to Christianity: Political expediency, avoid to be taken into slavery.
• B: the Berbers conversion to Islam: political expediency, avoid to be taken into slavery
• Great sense of unity, equality… Christian bad treatment of the Berbers (considering them as 2nd class citizen)

500

• Axum is known as the Christian kingdom. Explain it by giving AT LEAST TWO important dates, achievements, personalities, and dates.

• Known for its thriving trading skills
• One important figure: Queen Sheba
• written language/script: Ge’ez
• Christianity came to Nubia before 543 AD (official arrival)
• Development of monasteries – learning centers
• Translation of the  Bible into Ge’ez