Terminology
What is shaping?
The process of differentially reinforcing approximations of target behavior
What is pairing?
Building or maintaining rapport with a patient
Establishing yourself as a reinforcer
Name two types of continuous measurement
Frequency and duration (tally marks, start/stop timers)
What are the 4 functions of behavior?
(EATS) Escape, attention, tangible, sensory
What is a free operant preference assessment?
Observation of patient engaging freely in play environment
Describe the 3-term contingency vs the 4-term contingency:
Bonus (100 points): What does each step mean?
(MO-->) SD-> R->SR
-Motivating operation
-Discriminative stimulus
-Response
-Reinforcing stimulus
What does the "positive" and "negative" mean with regards to reinforcement/punishment?
Positive: adding a stimulus to an environment
Negative: removing a stimulus from a situation
Name the three types of discontinuous measurement
Partial interval- did the behavior occur AT ALL during the interval
Whole interval- did the behavior occur THE WHOLE interval
Momentary time sampling- did the behavior occur AT THE END of the interval
What does ABC stand for?
Antecedent (what happens before), Behavior, Consequence (what happens after)
Describe single vs. paired stimulus preference assessments
Singe stimulus: Therapist presents one item and records patient’s reaction/engagement
Paired stimulus: Therapist presents two items and records patient’s reaction/engagement
Describe an extinction burst vs. spontaneous recovery
Extinction burst: temporary increase in frequency or intensity of behavior in response to the implementation of extinction
Spontaneous recovery: Re-emergence of previously extinguished behavior (after delay)
What does Reinforcement and Punishment mean?
Reinforcement: a stimulus that increases behavior
Punishment: a stimulus that decreases behavior
What is permanent product recording?
Tangible, permanent evidence of progress on a target skill.
What does DRI stand for? Give an example
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
Describe Multiple Stimulus with Replacement (MSW)
In an array of 2 or more, the selected item is placed back into array (may be chosen multiple times)
Define skill acquisition, maintenance, and mastery
Skill acquisition: plan/process for teaching new skills to the patient
Maintenance: ability of the patient to demonstrate previously acquired skills over tiem
Mastery: a learned or known skill
Describe the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers
Bonus (100 points) give 2 examples of each
Primary: unconditioned, does not require learning history
Ex: food, water, warmth, stimulation
Secondary: conditioned, requires learning history
Ex: toys, money, social reinforcers, activities
When collecting ABC data or writing notes, your terms should be ___,____, and ____
Measurable, observable, and objective (MOO)
Describe DRA vs. DRO
(DRO) Differential reinforcement of other behavior: ANY behavior other than the target behavior is reinforced
(DRA) Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior: teaches an alternative to the target behavior
Describe Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO)
In an array of 2 or more, the selected item is removed from array (no longer a choice)
Bonus (100 points): Give 2 examples of each
Proactive: strategies used to prevent maladaptive behavior
- timers, visual schedules, token boards, etc.
Reactive: strategies to support a patient once maladaptive behavior has already occurred
-planned ignoring, blocking, extinction, redirection, etc.
What does DISC stand for?
Deprivation/Satiation
Immediacy
Size
Contingency
What does the x-axis represent?
What does the y-axis represent?
What overall trend does this graph show?
x-axis: passage of time over which observations occur
y-axis: quantitative unit in which the behavior is being measured (minutes, percentage, or in this case frequency)
4/9/2016
Decreasing trend (interventions are successful)
Describe DRH vs. DRL
(DRH) Differential reinforcement of higher rates of behavior
Reinforce a behavior occurring more frequently; used to increase how often a behavior occurs
(DRL) Differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior
Reinforce a behavior occurring less frequently; used to decrease how often a behavior occurs
When should you run preference assessments?
All day!