Isms, Tions, and an Ony
Controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (dependent variable) under two of more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (independent variable) differs from one condition to another.
What is Experimentation?
Kenny uses a clicker to measure Sam's hand-to-head behavior. He observes, clicks, and documents that Sam engaged in this behavior 4 times in the 1st minute, 6 times in the 2nd minute, and 5 times in the 3rd minute (and so on).
What is an example of Behavioral?
The founder of the experimental analysis of behavior. Defined operant behavior.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
A relationship between two variables though causation cannot be inferred.
What is a Correlation?
A scientific approach to improving socially significant behavior in which procedures derived from the principles of behavior are systematically applied to improve socially significant behavior to demonstrate experimentally that the procedures employed were responsible for the improvement in behavior.
What is Applied Behavior Analysis?
The repetition of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of findings.
What is Replication?
What is an example of Generality?
He developed the concept of respondent behavior: Respondents are elicited (“brought out”) by stimuli that immediately precede them. Antecedent stimulus & response it elicits form a functional unit called a reflex. Occur whenever eliciting stimulus is present.
Who is Ian Pavlov?
The systematic approach for seeking & organizing knowledge about the natural world for the purpose of achieving a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study.
What is Science?
This dimension investigates socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to the participant(s).
What is Applied?
Presumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as the result of other events. Events do not just occur at will. Events are related in systematic ways
What is Determinism?
Tina is able to replicate a study on reducing pica because the author clearly described all procedures and defined all things measurable in an operational fashion.
What is an example of Technological?
One of the first folks who stated that psychology should be the study of observable behavior not states of mind of mental processes. Famously stated, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors..."
Who is John B. Watson?
Collection of facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, & examined for possible relations with other know facts. Often suggests hypotheses or questions for additional research
What is Description?
Approach to understanding behavior that assumes that a mental or “inner” dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension & that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior.
What is Mentalism?
The practice of objective observation of the phenomena of interest.
What is Empiricism?
Tony discovers that Joe's behavior is maintained by attention. Joe engages in yelling whenever he is alone. When he is given attention, his yelling stops. Tony creates several conditions where attention is given or withheld to determine this functional relation.
What is an example of Analytic?
These three developed the seven original dimensions of applied behavior analysis in their 1968 landmark paper.
Relative probability that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur. Based on repeated observation revealing relationships between various events.
What is Prediction?
This domain of behavior analysis involves behavior analysts doing basic research and experiments in laboratory settings with both human participants and nonhuman subjects.
What is the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)?
The idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.
What is Parsimony (or Occam's Razor)?
When a clinician asked Heather why her client got better, she described how her client escaped her academic demands through negative reinforcement. She described how she introduced functional communication training as a functional alternative and applied an extinction procedure by ignoring negative behavior while reinforcing appropriate break requesting behaviors.
What is an example of Conceptually Systematic?
These two people formed the basis for the branch of behavior analysis that would later be called applied behavior analysis (ABA). In their paper, "The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavior Engineer (1959)" they described techniques based on principles of behavior to improve the functioning of chronic psychotic or mentally retarded residents.
Who is Ayllon & Michael?
Highest level of scientific understanding. Functional relations can be derived. Specific change in one event (dependent variable) can reliably be produced by specific manipulations of another event (independent variable).
What is Control?
The continuous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge.
What is Philosophic Doubt?